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尤卡坦玛雅语如何包装意义

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Yucatec Maya语法一览

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Common questions about Yucatec Maya

什么是VOS语序？
动词–宾语–主语。尤卡坦玛雅语中，动词位于句首，宾语其次，主语最后：'t-u jats'-aj-ø Pedro le maako'' = '打了佩德罗那个人' = '那个人打了佩德罗'。VOS是全球最罕见的语序之一——约3%的语言使用它。主要集中在玛雅语族、米斯特克语族、南岛语系（菲律宾、波利尼西亚语支）及少数孤立语中。话题和焦点成分可移至句首。
A组和B组代词有什么区别？
A组前缀（in-, a-, u-, k-）附着于动词开头；B组后缀（-en, -ech, -ø）附着于动词末尾。A组标记进行事件中的施事及已完成及物事件的施事。B组标记及物动词的受事及已完成非及物事件的施事。这种区分在已完成及物小句中呈现作格-通格模式，在正在进行的小句中呈现主格-宾格模式。
尤卡坦玛雅语有时态吗？
没有语法时态——动词不因过去、现在或将来而改变。体助词传达时间意义：táan（进行中，通常指现在）、ts'o'ok（已完成，通常指过去）、mukah（将要，指未来）、yan（预定、义务性）。时间副词在需要时提供精确性。尤卡坦玛雅语是几种已知的「无时态」语言之一，与汉语和缅甸语并列。
尤卡坦玛雅语和玛雅语族是同一个概念吗？
尤卡坦玛雅语是约30种玛雅语言之一，在尤卡坦半岛约有80万人使用。其他主要玛雅语言包括K'iche'、Q'eqchi'、Mam、Tzotzil、Tzeltal、Q'anjob'al和Cakchiquel——所有这些语言都在危地马拉和墨西哥南部使用。它们约在4000年前有共同祖先，语法结构相似，但彼此不能互通。
为什么尤卡坦玛雅语用环缀包裹名词来表示指示？
尤卡坦玛雅语使用环缀le...-o'/-a'而非简单的冠词来表示指别。le maako'-o' = '那个人'；le pek'-a' = '这只狗（这儿）'。le位于名词之前，后缀位于名词之后，从两侧框住名词。后缀的元音编码直指：-o'为远指/已知，-a'为近指。没有环缀时，名词为光杆形式，表示不定指或泛指。

Sources for Yucatec Maya

The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.

  1. Bohnemeyer, Jürgen (2002). The Grammar of Time Reference in Yukatek Maya. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 44. München: LINCOM Europa. [PRIMARY for AM markers and status inflection: F16/F17 p.86 (Set A / Set B paradigms); F21 p.103 (preverbal AM marker inventory); F26 p.147 (status inflection by verb stem class); F31 p.220 (status-assignment matrix); §6.1.1 p.221 (completive); §6.2.1.1 pp.242-260 (perfective t-/h-); §6.2.1.2 pp.260-268 (imperfective k-); §6.2.2.1.1 pp.269-279 (progressive táan); §6.2.2.1.2 pp.279-289 (terminative ts'o'k, INCOMPATIBLE with negation p.283); §6.2.2.1.3 pp.289-296 (prospective mukah); §6.2.2.2.1 pp.305-310 (obligative yan); E197a/b p.231 (perfective vs subjunctive negation); §5.1.2 p.170 (verb class inventory).]
  2. Bricker, Victoria, Eleuterio Po'ot Yah, and Ofelia Dzul de Po'ot (1998). A Dictionary of the Maya Language as Spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  3. Bohnemeyer, Jürgen (1998). "Temporal Reference without Tense? — The Role of Aspect and Deictic Expressions in Yucatec Maya." In: Semantics of Tense, Aspect and Modality. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  4. Tonhauser, Judith (2015). "Cross-linguistic temporal reference." Annual Review of Linguistics 1:129–154. [On split-ergativity and aspect systems in Mayan languages.]
  5. Lehmann, Christian (2005). "Yucatec Maya Relative Constructions." In: Typological Studies in Language 68.
  6. Law, Danny (2014). Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference: The Story of Linguistic Interaction in the Maya Lowlands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  7. Yoshida, Shigeto (2014). Guía gramatical de la lengua maya yucateca para hispanohablantes. 3rd corrected ed. Tohoku University. [Ch. 9 §9.2: VOS base structure with attested narrative examples; §6.1: verb phrase structure.]
  8. Gutiérrez-Bravo, Rodrigo & Jorge Monforte (2010). "On the nature of word order in Yucatec Maya." [Split word order analysis: SVO frequent with two overt DPs; VOS for thetic/event-presentational clauses.]
  9. Akademia de la Lengua Maya de Yucatán (ALMY) — standard orthography reference used throughout.

See all data sources and dataset-level citations for the broader bibliography.

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