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尤卡坦玛雅语短语,按含义分类
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Common questions about Yucatec Maya
本尤卡坦玛雅语页面涵盖了什么内容?
二十二个功能性类别及尤卡坦玛雅语例句:体貌(未完成体 táan、完成体 t-、完成态 ts'-、终止体 ts'oka'an)、情态(páajtal 表示「能」,k'a'abet 表示「必须」,taak 表示「想要」)、否定(ma')、疑问(máax、ba'ax、tu'ux、ba'axten)、非连续冠词 le...o'、通过A套标记表达属格、比较,以及其他14个类别。均采用标准尤卡坦玛雅语正字法注释。
「分裂作格」对尤卡坦玛雅语实际意味着什么?
同一人称根据体貌可以用两种不同的方式标记。在未完成体中,A套标记(in-、a-、u-、k-、a-...-e'ex、u-...-o'ob)标记任何动词的主语。在完成体中,同一A套标记及物主语,但B套后缀(-en、-ech、ø、-o'on、-e'ex、-o'ob)标记不及物主语和所有宾语。页面上的例句展示了同一代词以两种形式出现的情况。
尤卡坦玛雅语如何在没有时态的情况下标记时间?
通过动词前的体貌小词。Táan in jaantik「我正在吃」(未完成体)。T-in jaantaj「我吃过了」(完成体)。Ts'-in jaantaj「我已经吃过了」(完成态/终止体)。严格来说不存在时态语法化——动作发生的具体时间取决于上下文或时间词(sáamal「明天」,ho'olyak「昨天」)。
le...o' 冠词是怎么回事?
标准定指冠词是非连续的:le 在名词前,-o' 在名词后附加。Le wíinik-o'「那个男人」。其他限定词类似地环绕(le...a' 表近指,le...e' 表中指)。环绕结构使定指性明确且易辨。大多数学习者起初会感到困难,因为没有欧洲语言这样做。
这是尤卡坦玛雅语还是其他玛雅语言?
尤卡坦玛雅语(Maya'、Yukateko),使用于墨西哥尤卡坦半岛及贝利兹和危地马拉北部地区。这是约30种玛雅语言之一——其他包括K'iche'、Q'eqchi'、Mam、Tzotzil 和 Tz'utujil——它们共享深层语法特征(中枢标记、体貌而非时态、作格对齐),但在代词形状、动词形态和词汇上差异显著。本页的结构特定于尤卡坦玛雅语。
Sources for Yucatec Maya
The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.
- Bohnemeyer, Jürgen (2002). The Grammar of Time Reference in Yukatek Maya. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 44. München: LINCOM Europa. [PRIMARY for AM markers and status inflection: F16/F17 p.86 (Set A / Set B paradigms); F21 p.103 (preverbal AM marker inventory); F26 p.147 (status inflection by verb stem class); F31 p.220 (status-assignment matrix); §6.1.1 p.221 (completive); §6.2.1.1 pp.242-260 (perfective t-/h-); §6.2.1.2 pp.260-268 (imperfective k-); §6.2.2.1.1 pp.269-279 (progressive táan); §6.2.2.1.2 pp.279-289 (terminative ts'o'k, INCOMPATIBLE with negation p.283); §6.2.2.1.3 pp.289-296 (prospective mukah); §6.2.2.2.1 pp.305-310 (obligative yan); E197a/b p.231 (perfective vs subjunctive negation); §5.1.2 p.170 (verb class inventory).]
- Bricker, Victoria, Eleuterio Po'ot Yah, and Ofelia Dzul de Po'ot (1998). A Dictionary of the Maya Language as Spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
- Bohnemeyer, Jürgen (1998). "Temporal Reference without Tense? — The Role of Aspect and Deictic Expressions in Yucatec Maya." In: Semantics of Tense, Aspect and Modality. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- Tonhauser, Judith (2015). "Cross-linguistic temporal reference." Annual Review of Linguistics 1:129–154. [On split-ergativity and aspect systems in Mayan languages.]
- Lehmann, Christian (2005). "Yucatec Maya Relative Constructions." In: Typological Studies in Language 68.
- Law, Danny (2014). Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference: The Story of Linguistic Interaction in the Maya Lowlands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Yoshida, Shigeto (2014). Guía gramatical de la lengua maya yucateca para hispanohablantes. 3rd corrected ed. Tohoku University. [Ch. 9 §9.2: VOS base structure with attested narrative examples; §6.1: verb phrase structure.]
- Gutiérrez-Bravo, Rodrigo & Jorge Monforte (2010). "On the nature of word order in Yucatec Maya." [Split word order analysis: SVO frequent with two overt DPs; VOS for thetic/event-presentational clauses.]
- Akademia de la Lengua Maya de Yucatán (ALMY) — standard orthography reference used throughout.