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尤卡坦玛雅语语法轮盘

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Grammar Builder

"我在市场上把我的三本书给了她。" — 转动任意一个轮盘,看 Yucatec Maya 如何编码每一种变化。

Common questions about Yucatec Maya

在尤卡坦玛雅语轮盘上可以切换什么？
主语（1SG in-、2SG a-、3SG u-、1PL k-、2PL a-…=e'ex、3PL u-…=o'ob）、状态（从 táan 进行到 úuch 遥远过去共十一个类别）、语气、极性、语态和接受者。每次转动都会用正确的 Set A 或 Set B 一致关系重新构建动词。
为什么轮盘称其为「状态」而不是时态？
尤卡坦语不像英语那样语法化时态。看似时态的部分被分解为体（完成、进行、习惯）、语气（预测性 bíin、义务性 yan、愿望性 táak）和时间距离标记（sáam 最近过去、úuch 遥远过去）。轮盘使用「状态」作为涵盖术语。
什么是 Set A 和 Set B？
Set A 是作格/所有格系列的一致关系附着语素，前缀于动词（in-、a-、u-、k-）。Set B 是通格系列，后缀于动词（-en、-ech、-∅、-o'on）。哪个系列标记主语或宾语取决于状态和及物性，轮盘处理这种切换。
复数如何表示？
复数作为一致关系形态的附缀成分添加：2PL 是 a-…=e'ex（Set A 包裹动词，=e'ex 在末尾），3PL 是 u-…=o'ob。当你切换数时，轮盘插入匹配的附缀。
不先学习尤卡坦玛雅语，可以跟随轮盘吗？
每个生成的句子都显示标准实用拼写法的尤卡坦语、逐词注释（分离前缀、词根和附缀）以及英语翻译。注释使一致关系模式清晰可见。

Sources for Yucatec Maya

The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.

  1. Bohnemeyer, Jürgen (2002). The Grammar of Time Reference in Yukatek Maya. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 44. München: LINCOM Europa. [PRIMARY for AM markers and status inflection: F16/F17 p.86 (Set A / Set B paradigms); F21 p.103 (preverbal AM marker inventory); F26 p.147 (status inflection by verb stem class); F31 p.220 (status-assignment matrix); §6.1.1 p.221 (completive); §6.2.1.1 pp.242-260 (perfective t-/h-); §6.2.1.2 pp.260-268 (imperfective k-); §6.2.2.1.1 pp.269-279 (progressive táan); §6.2.2.1.2 pp.279-289 (terminative ts'o'k, INCOMPATIBLE with negation p.283); §6.2.2.1.3 pp.289-296 (prospective mukah); §6.2.2.2.1 pp.305-310 (obligative yan); E197a/b p.231 (perfective vs subjunctive negation); §5.1.2 p.170 (verb class inventory).]
  2. Bricker, Victoria, Eleuterio Po'ot Yah, and Ofelia Dzul de Po'ot (1998). A Dictionary of the Maya Language as Spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  3. Bohnemeyer, Jürgen (1998). "Temporal Reference without Tense? — The Role of Aspect and Deictic Expressions in Yucatec Maya." In: Semantics of Tense, Aspect and Modality. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  4. Tonhauser, Judith (2015). "Cross-linguistic temporal reference." Annual Review of Linguistics 1:129–154. [On split-ergativity and aspect systems in Mayan languages.]
  5. Lehmann, Christian (2005). "Yucatec Maya Relative Constructions." In: Typological Studies in Language 68.
  6. Law, Danny (2014). Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference: The Story of Linguistic Interaction in the Maya Lowlands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  7. Yoshida, Shigeto (2014). Guía gramatical de la lengua maya yucateca para hispanohablantes. 3rd corrected ed. Tohoku University. [Ch. 9 §9.2: VOS base structure with attested narrative examples; §6.1: verb phrase structure.]
  8. Gutiérrez-Bravo, Rodrigo & Jorge Monforte (2010). "On the nature of word order in Yucatec Maya." [Split word order analysis: SVO frequent with two overt DPs; VOS for thetic/event-presentational clauses.]
  9. Akademia de la Lengua Maya de Yucatán (ALMY) — standard orthography reference used throughout.

See all data sources and dataset-level citations for the broader bibliography.

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