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越南语短语按含义分类
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Common questions about Vietnamese
这个越南语页面涵盖什么内容？
二十二个功能类别，包含越南语例句：时态和体标记（đã、đang、sẽ、vừa、mới、chưa、rồi、xong），情态（có thể表示「能」、phải表示「必须」、muốn表示「想要」），否定（không、chưa、đừng），疑问（ai、gì、ở đâu、khi nào、tại sao、极性疑问词không），比较用hơn，量词（cái、con、chiếc、bộ），以及14个其他类别。全部附带词义注释。
越南语代词如何在没有语法人称的情况下运作？
通过使用亲属术语追踪说话者和听者之间的社交关系。与略长的男性对话时：anh在下方表示「你」，在上方表示「我」。与年轻人对话时：em。与阿姨年纪的女性：cô。与叔叔年纪的男性：bác。同一词汇根据你在关系中的位置可以表示「你」或「我」。选错术语会显得无礼、亲密或疏远——取决于上下文。
越南语如何在没有动词时态的情况下标记时间？
通过前置词加上下文。Ăn表示「吃」/「吃了」/「将吃」，取决于周围是什么。加上đã得到完成体（đã ăn「吃了」），đang表示进行体（đang ăn「正在吃」），sẽ表示将来（sẽ ăn「将吃」）。动词本身从不变位。时间词（hôm qua、hôm nay、ngày mai）承载大部分时间信息。
为什么越南语有这么多量词？
因为每个计数名词都需要搭配一个。Cái用于无生命物体，con用于动物和某些物体（con sông「河流」、con dao「刀」），chiếc用于来自某一类的单个物品，bộ用于成套物品，ngôi用于建筑物。Một quyển sách「一[体积]书」、một chiếc xe「一[CL]车」。正确的量词承载关于所计数物品类型的语义信息；到处使用通用的cái可以接受但听起来不自然。
这是北方（河内）越南语还是南方（西贡）越南语？
这些结构涵盖两种。越南语有三种主要地域变体——北方、中部、南方——它们在语法上相同但在发音（尤其是声调实现）和某些词汇上有差异。例句倾向于全国教育和广播使用的河内标准，在南方用法差异重大的地方有说明（例如，肯定回应用dạ与vâng）。
Sources for Vietnamese
The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.
- Thompson, Laurence C. (1965). "A Vietnamese Grammar." University of Washington Press. — No inflection, isolating typology: §3.1, pp. 50–53. — SVO and adjective-after-noun order: pp. 197–199, 233–235. — Pronoun/kinship system: §6.16–6.30, pp. 246–256. — Classifiers (loại-từ): §8.41, pp. 192–197. — Aspect/time particles đã, đang, sẽ, chưa: §11.1–11.5, pp. 209–215. — Post-verbal completive/resultative xong, hết, ra, được: §9.54–9.66, pp. 215–225. — Negation với không and chưa: §11.4, pp. 213–215. — Question particle không and in-situ wh-words: §10.2, pp. 239–250. — Possessive của (optional): §6.21, pp. 250–251. — Modals có thể, muốn, phải, nên: pp. 217–220. — Serial verb constructions: §10.4, pp. 250–254. — Topic-comment / focal complex order MANNER→TIME→PLACE→TOPIC→PREDICATE: Ch. 10, pp. 239–255. — Relative clauses with mà: pp. 254–256. — Six Northern tones (ngang, huyền, hỏi, sắc, ngã, nặng): §3.42, pp. 19–22. — Reduplication (từ láy): Ch. 7 in full, pp. 139–178 — total reduplication for attenuation (đẹp đẹp, nhỏ nhỏ, trắng trắng) p. 152; tonal-prefix attenuative pattern (kha khá, nho nhỏ) §7.61 p. 172; alliterative emphatic suffixes (sạch sẽ, sạch nhách, sạch sành sanh) §7.55–7.56 pp. 159–168; ironic -iếc suffix (sách siếc) §7.62 p. 173.
- Nguyễn, Đình-Hòa (1997). "Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn." John Benjamins. — Kinship pronoun system: pp. 123–131. — Classifier loại-từ syntax: p. 95. — Negation chưa: p. 108. — Existential/possessive có (six functions): pp. 113–114. — Comparison constructions: pp. 122–123. — Final pragmatic particles: pp. 165–168. — Topic-comment, fronting, focus: pp. 209–228. — Negation system: pp. 233–235. — Reduplication (§3.7, pp. 44–57) — total reduplication for distribution (nhà nhà, ngày ngày) p. 45; tone-register harmony rule p. 46; back/front vowel alternation in alliteratives p. 47; /l-/ dominance in rhyming forms p. 49; emphatic alliterative suffixes (nhỏ nhắn, nhỏ nhặt, nhỏ nhẹ, nhỏ nhen) p. 51; ironic -iếc suffix (sách siếc, áo iếc, học hiếc) §3.7.6, p. 53.
- Ngo, Binh Nhu (2020). "Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar." Routledge. — Pre-verbal aspect markers and ordering: §4.3. — bị/được as evaluative predicates: §2.12. — Question formation (yes/no with không, hả, à and wh-in-situ): §6.2. — Reduplication (§4.2.3, pp. 130–137) — total reduplication for attenuation (đẹp đẹp, nhỏ nhỏ, trắng trắng) p. 130; tone-changed attenuative copies (âm ấm, kha khá, nho nhỏ) p. 131; coda-changed attenuatives with stop↔nasal alternation (đềm đẹp, tôn tốt, chằng chắc) p. 131; productive ironic -iếc suffix §4.2.3.6, p. 135; semantically opaque pseudo-redups (bâng khuâng, dửng dưng, mênh mông) p. 135.
- Phan, Trang (2024). "The Syntax of Vietnamese Tense, Aspect, and Negation." Routledge. — TAM hierarchy and pre-verbal marker ordering: Ch. 2. — Post-verbal markers as completive/resultative: Ch. 4, pp. 91–95. — Tense vs. adverb distinction (sẽ/đã/đang are heads; từng/vừa/sắp are adverbs): Ch. 5, p. 155.
- Hole, Daniel & Löbel, Elisabeth (eds.) (2013). "Linguistics of Vietnamese: An International Survey." De Gruyter Mouton (TiLSM 253). — Article system (một, những, các): Ch. 3 (Nguyễn Hùng Tưởng). — Focus particles chỉ, thậm chí, cả: Ch. 10 (Hole). — Passive reanalysis (bị/được as evaluative): Ch. 6 (Simpson & Hồ).
- Tran, Tri C. (2024). "Essential Vietnamese Grammar." Tuttle. — Adjective + meaningless intensifier syllable (nặng trịch, nhẹ hều, đắng nghét, ốm nhách): §7.3, p. 118.