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Vietnamese linguistic data

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Common questions about Vietnamese

这个越南语页面展示了哪些语言学数据？
包括语序、声调系统、性别数量、格标记、介词语序、音节结构、辅音库特征、元音系统、形态配列、文字、语体分层、使用人口和地理区域。每个特征对应一行，显示越南语的取值；你可添加其他语言，在同一行中对比该特征。
越南语数据点来自何处？
类型学特征合并自URIEL+ (Mortensen等人) 以及基于描写语法文献整理的语料库。使用人口数据来自Ethnologue和Glottolog。地理区域基于Asher 2007世界语言地图集。相似度评分综合了语系距离、类型学重叠和词汇借代数据。
越南语有多少个声调？
北部越南语（广播标准音）有六个音位声调：平声(ngang)、玄声(huyền)、锐声(sắc)、问声(hỏi)、跌声(ngã)和重声(nặng)。南部越南语合并了其中一些调类——通常问声和跌声合并。声调在书写中通过元音上的附加符号标记。
为什么越南语使用拉丁字母而非汉字？
越南语最初使用喃字（一种基于汉字的书写系统）。17世纪，葡萄牙传教士开发了国语字，即添加声调附加符号的拉丁字母正字法。法国殖民教育推广了国语字，独立后越南政府将其保留为国家文字。
为什么越南语与其他东南亚语言的相似度评分中等？
语系上，越南语与高棉语接近（同属南亚语系），而与泰语或缅甸语（分别属侗台语系和汉藏语系）距离较远。类型学上，整个区域趋同——许多东南亚语言通过长期接触，在孤立形态、声调和量词方面高度相似。该行上的因子分解芯片可显示哪些维度贡献最大。

Sources for Vietnamese

The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.

  1. Thompson, Laurence C. (1965). "A Vietnamese Grammar." University of Washington Press. — No inflection, isolating typology: §3.1, pp. 50–53. — SVO and adjective-after-noun order: pp. 197–199, 233–235. — Pronoun/kinship system: §6.16–6.30, pp. 246–256. — Classifiers (loại-từ): §8.41, pp. 192–197. — Aspect/time particles đã, đang, sẽ, chưa: §11.1–11.5, pp. 209–215. — Post-verbal completive/resultative xong, hết, ra, được: §9.54–9.66, pp. 215–225. — Negation với không and chưa: §11.4, pp. 213–215. — Question particle không and in-situ wh-words: §10.2, pp. 239–250. — Possessive của (optional): §6.21, pp. 250–251. — Modals có thể, muốn, phải, nên: pp. 217–220. — Serial verb constructions: §10.4, pp. 250–254. — Topic-comment / focal complex order MANNER→TIME→PLACE→TOPIC→PREDICATE: Ch. 10, pp. 239–255. — Relative clauses with mà: pp. 254–256. — Six Northern tones (ngang, huyền, hỏi, sắc, ngã, nặng): §3.42, pp. 19–22. — Reduplication (từ láy): Ch. 7 in full, pp. 139–178 — total reduplication for attenuation (đẹp đẹp, nhỏ nhỏ, trắng trắng) p. 152; tonal-prefix attenuative pattern (kha khá, nho nhỏ) §7.61 p. 172; alliterative emphatic suffixes (sạch sẽ, sạch nhách, sạch sành sanh) §7.55–7.56 pp. 159–168; ironic -iếc suffix (sách siếc) §7.62 p. 173.
  2. Nguyễn, Đình-Hòa (1997). "Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn." John Benjamins. — Kinship pronoun system: pp. 123–131. — Classifier loại-từ syntax: p. 95. — Negation chưa: p. 108. — Existential/possessive có (six functions): pp. 113–114. — Comparison constructions: pp. 122–123. — Final pragmatic particles: pp. 165–168. — Topic-comment, fronting, focus: pp. 209–228. — Negation system: pp. 233–235. — Reduplication (§3.7, pp. 44–57) — total reduplication for distribution (nhà nhà, ngày ngày) p. 45; tone-register harmony rule p. 46; back/front vowel alternation in alliteratives p. 47; /l-/ dominance in rhyming forms p. 49; emphatic alliterative suffixes (nhỏ nhắn, nhỏ nhặt, nhỏ nhẹ, nhỏ nhen) p. 51; ironic -iếc suffix (sách siếc, áo iếc, học hiếc) §3.7.6, p. 53.
  3. Ngo, Binh Nhu (2020). "Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar." Routledge. — Pre-verbal aspect markers and ordering: §4.3. — bị/được as evaluative predicates: §2.12. — Question formation (yes/no with không, hả, à and wh-in-situ): §6.2. — Reduplication (§4.2.3, pp. 130–137) — total reduplication for attenuation (đẹp đẹp, nhỏ nhỏ, trắng trắng) p. 130; tone-changed attenuative copies (âm ấm, kha khá, nho nhỏ) p. 131; coda-changed attenuatives with stop↔nasal alternation (đềm đẹp, tôn tốt, chằng chắc) p. 131; productive ironic -iếc suffix §4.2.3.6, p. 135; semantically opaque pseudo-redups (bâng khuâng, dửng dưng, mênh mông) p. 135.
  4. Phan, Trang (2024). "The Syntax of Vietnamese Tense, Aspect, and Negation." Routledge. — TAM hierarchy and pre-verbal marker ordering: Ch. 2. — Post-verbal markers as completive/resultative: Ch. 4, pp. 91–95. — Tense vs. adverb distinction (sẽ/đã/đang are heads; từng/vừa/sắp are adverbs): Ch. 5, p. 155.
  5. Hole, Daniel & Löbel, Elisabeth (eds.) (2013). "Linguistics of Vietnamese: An International Survey." De Gruyter Mouton (TiLSM 253). — Article system (một, những, các): Ch. 3 (Nguyễn Hùng Tưởng). — Focus particles chỉ, thậm chí, cả: Ch. 10 (Hole). — Passive reanalysis (bị/được as evaluative): Ch. 6 (Simpson & Hồ).
  6. Tran, Tri C. (2024). "Essential Vietnamese Grammar." Tuttle. — Adjective + meaningless intensifier syllable (nặng trịch, nhẹ hều, đắng nghét, ốm nhách): §7.3, p. 118.

See all data sources and dataset-level citations for the broader bibliography.

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