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Swahili linguistic data
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Common questions about Swahili
这个斯瓦希里语页面展示了哪些语言学数据？
语序、声调（或缺失）、性/名词类别数量、格标记、介词方向、音节结构、辅音库特征、元音系统、形态配列、文字、语体分层、使用人口及地理区域。每一行是一个特征，显示斯瓦希里语的取值；您可添加其他语言，对比同一特征的数据。
斯瓦希里语的数据点从哪里来？
类型学特征来自URIEL+（Mortensen等人）及基于描写语法编写的人工整理集。使用人口数据来自Ethnologue和Glottolog。地理区域根据Asher 2007世界语言地图集计算。相似度评分综合了谱系距离、类型学重叠和借词数据。
为什么斯瓦希里语没有声调，而大多数班图语有声调？
斯瓦希里语在东非沿海与阿拉伯语（非声调语言）数百年接触后，丢失了词汇声调。多数班图语保留声调系统，常为双声调（高/低），声调标记词汇和语法对立。斯瓦希里语的元音重音系统在一定程度上替代了声调的功能——但同源词中的声调对立已几乎消失。
斯瓦希里语中有多少阿拉伯语词汇？
斯瓦希里语日常词汇中约30%源自阿拉伯语，包括大部分宗教、法律、学术和贸易词汇。9以上的数字也来自阿拉伯语。"斯瓦希里"一词本身源自阿拉伯语sawāḥil（意为「海岸」）。这些借词反映了东非沿海数世纪印度洋贸易的接触，尤其在桑给巴尔、蒙巴萨和拉穆地区。
为什么斯瓦希里语与林加拉语或祖鲁语在相似度得分上聚类？
三者均为班图语（尼日尔-刚果语系），语序SVO，拥有名词类别系统和黏着形态。斯瓦希里语属于东北班图语支，林加拉语属中央班图语支，祖鲁语属南班图语支。它们共享核心类型学特征和大量原始班图语同源词。行上的因子分解片段会显示哪些维度贡献最大。
Sources for Swahili
The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.
- Mpiranya, Fidèle (2014). Swahili Grammar and Workbook. London / New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13880-826-3. — Modern descriptive grammar (250 pp.) by the University of Chicago Swahili lecturer; 25 language notes covering noun classes, subjunctive/conditional, extensions, relative clauses. [via static/grammar-library/swa/mpiranya-2014-swahili-grammar-workbook.pdf]
- Nurse, Derek & Hinnebusch, Thomas J. (1993). Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. University of California Publications in Linguistics 121. Berkeley: UC Press. — The authoritative historical-comparative treatment; situates Swahili in Sabaki / NE Coast Bantu (G40), with phonology, lexical, and TAM reconstructions and dialect coverage. [via static/grammar-library/swa/nurse-hinnebusch-1993-swahili-and-sabaki.pdf]
- Ashton, E. O. (1944). Swahili Grammar (including Intonation). London: Longmans, Green & Co. — The classic standard reference grammar (398 pp.), still cited as a primary source in Bantu linguistics for concord, verb morphology, and noun-class semantics. Reprinted 1968. [via static/grammar-library/swa/ashton-1944-swahili-grammar.pdf]
- Mohammed, Mohammed Abdulla (2001). Modern Swahili Grammar. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. — Authoritative for Kiunguja-based Standard Swahili; written by a native Zanzibari linguist. [via static/grammar-library/swa/mohammed-2001-modern-swahili-grammar.pdf]
- Whiteley, Wilfred H. (1969). Swahili: The Rise of a National Language. London: Methuen & Co. / New York: Barnes & Noble. — 155-pp. social-historical monograph. Definitive account of the twentieth-century standardisation of Swahili and of the Inter-Territorial / East African Swahili Committee's dialect-studies programme; Ch. 1 includes a three-cluster dialect survey, Chs. 4–7 cover standardisation politics. [via static/grammar-library/swa/whiteley-1969-swahili-rise-national-language.pdf]
- Ngonyani, Deo (2016). "Pairwise Combinations of Swahili Applicative with other Verb Extensions." Nordic Journal of African Studies 25(1): 52–71. — Corpus study (Helsinki Corpus of Swahili) of applicative-X pairwise orderings; finds variable APPL-CAUS / CAUS-APPL and APPL-REC / REC-APPL (Mirror Principle / scope), fixed REV-APPL, STAT-APPL, APPL-PASS; refutes strict CARP template for Swahili in favour of the Semantic Scope Hypothesis (Rice 2000). [via static/grammar-library/swa/ngonyani-2016-pairwise-applicative-combinations.pdf]
- Polomé, Edgar C. (1967). Swahili Language Handbook. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. — Comprehensive descriptive handbook covering phonology, morphology, syntax, sociolinguistics, and dialects; standard reference in the CAL Language Handbook series (266 pp.). [via static/grammar-library/swa/polome-1967-swahili-language-handbook.pdf]