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斯瓦希里语如何包装意义
斯瓦希里语语法一览
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Common questions about Swahili
什么是斯瓦希里语的名词类别？
斯瓦希里语名词属于16个语法类别（班图语继承），每个类别有其前缀。类别1/2=人类单数/复数（mtu/watu '人/人们'）。类别3/4=树木和自然事物（mti/miti）。类别7/8=事物和工具（kitu/vitu）。每个类别会触发形容词、动词、指示词和领属词的一致关系——前缀贯穿所有需要一致的成分。
斯瓦希里语的动词是如何构成的？
斯瓦希里语动词将语法成分按固定位置顺序放入一个单词：主语一致词+时态/体+（宾语一致词）+词根+（扩展词缀）+结尾元音。'Ninakupenda'=ni-na-ku-pend-a='我爱你'。'Tutawapenda'=tu-ta-wa-pend-a='我们将爱他们'。整个句子通常可以容在一个动词里。
斯瓦希里语是声调语言吗？
不——与大多数班图语言不同，斯瓦希里语是非声调语言。重音落在每个单词的倒数第二个音节上，可预测且无对立。缺乏声调是斯瓦希里语被认为是一种特别易学的班图语的原因之一，此外还有规则的名词类别前缀和拉丁字母正字法。可比较的班图语如祖鲁语、林加拉语和绍纳语则具有很强的声调。
斯瓦希里语难学吗？
在班图语中相对容易：无声调、拼写规则、重音可预测在倒数第二个音节，且长期与英语和阿拉伯语接触使部分词汇熟悉。挑战在于16个名词类别（每个名词需连同其类别一起记忆）、动词前缀系统，以及所有成分都要与名词类别保持一致的特性。
斯瓦希里语如何将「我爱你」浓缩成一个单词？
斯瓦希里语动词有主语、时态和宾语的槽位——全部作为前缀堆叠在词根前。'Ninakupenda'=ni-（我）+-na-（现在时）+-ku-（你）+pend-（爱）+-a（结尾元音）。自由代词mimi（'我'）和wewe（'你'）是可选的，仅用于强调。代词论元作为一致前缀存在，而不是作为独立单词。
Sources for Swahili
The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.
- Mpiranya, Fidèle (2014). Swahili Grammar and Workbook. London / New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13880-826-3. — Modern descriptive grammar (250 pp.) by the University of Chicago Swahili lecturer; 25 language notes covering noun classes, subjunctive/conditional, extensions, relative clauses. [via static/grammar-library/swa/mpiranya-2014-swahili-grammar-workbook.pdf]
- Nurse, Derek & Hinnebusch, Thomas J. (1993). Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. University of California Publications in Linguistics 121. Berkeley: UC Press. — The authoritative historical-comparative treatment; situates Swahili in Sabaki / NE Coast Bantu (G40), with phonology, lexical, and TAM reconstructions and dialect coverage. [via static/grammar-library/swa/nurse-hinnebusch-1993-swahili-and-sabaki.pdf]
- Ashton, E. O. (1944). Swahili Grammar (including Intonation). London: Longmans, Green & Co. — The classic standard reference grammar (398 pp.), still cited as a primary source in Bantu linguistics for concord, verb morphology, and noun-class semantics. Reprinted 1968. [via static/grammar-library/swa/ashton-1944-swahili-grammar.pdf]
- Mohammed, Mohammed Abdulla (2001). Modern Swahili Grammar. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. — Authoritative for Kiunguja-based Standard Swahili; written by a native Zanzibari linguist. [via static/grammar-library/swa/mohammed-2001-modern-swahili-grammar.pdf]
- Whiteley, Wilfred H. (1969). Swahili: The Rise of a National Language. London: Methuen & Co. / New York: Barnes & Noble. — 155-pp. social-historical monograph. Definitive account of the twentieth-century standardisation of Swahili and of the Inter-Territorial / East African Swahili Committee's dialect-studies programme; Ch. 1 includes a three-cluster dialect survey, Chs. 4–7 cover standardisation politics. [via static/grammar-library/swa/whiteley-1969-swahili-rise-national-language.pdf]
- Ngonyani, Deo (2016). "Pairwise Combinations of Swahili Applicative with other Verb Extensions." Nordic Journal of African Studies 25(1): 52–71. — Corpus study (Helsinki Corpus of Swahili) of applicative-X pairwise orderings; finds variable APPL-CAUS / CAUS-APPL and APPL-REC / REC-APPL (Mirror Principle / scope), fixed REV-APPL, STAT-APPL, APPL-PASS; refutes strict CARP template for Swahili in favour of the Semantic Scope Hypothesis (Rice 2000). [via static/grammar-library/swa/ngonyani-2016-pairwise-applicative-combinations.pdf]
- Polomé, Edgar C. (1967). Swahili Language Handbook. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. — Comprehensive descriptive handbook covering phonology, morphology, syntax, sociolinguistics, and dialects; standard reference in the CAL Language Handbook series (266 pp.). [via static/grammar-library/swa/polome-1967-swahili-language-handbook.pdf]