约鲁巴语如何包装意义

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约鲁巴语语法一览

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Common questions about Yoruba

约鲁巴语的声调有哪些?
约鲁巴语有三个声调:高调(标为á)、中调(不标,a)、低调(标为à)。相同元音和辅音加上不同声调产生不同词汇:ọkọ́('丈夫')、ọkọ('锄头')、ọ̀kọ̀('车辆')。声调是词汇身份的一部分。有些约鲁巴语音节有额外的升调或降调轮廓,这是由两个声调(高-低或低-高)相互作用产生的。
为什么约鲁巴语用复数'你'来称呼一个人?
复数表敬称是社会强制要求,而非可选礼貌。第二人称复数ẹ̀yin/ẹ用于称呼单个长辈、姻亲、老师、雇主或任何受尊敬的人。第三人称复数àwọn/wọ́n也用于指代这样的人。用单数'iwọ/o'称呼长者是无礼的——暗示对方是平辈或晚辈。家庭关系强烈决定了哪种形式合适。
约鲁巴语有语法性别吗?
没有。名词和代词不标记性别。第三人称代词ó / wọ́n根据上下文表示'他'、'她'、'它'或'他们'。形容词不随名词改变形态。约鲁巴语是众多没有语法性别的西非语言之一——豪萨语和沃洛夫语有性别,但伊博语、阿肯语和该地区大多数尼日尔-刚果语没有。
约鲁巴语是SVO语序吗?
是的——严格SVO。'Olú gbé ìwé' = 'Olu 举起了书'。动词位于主语和宾语之间。修饰语跟在中心词后:'ilé ńlá'(房子大 = '大房子'),'ọmọ rere'(孩子好 = '好孩子')。约鲁巴语是典型的中心语前置语言。连动结构在单个子句中连续排列多个动词,但每个子句仍是SVO。
约鲁巴语的连动结构是什么?
约鲁巴语在单个子句中连续使用多个动词,无需连词。'Mo mu omi mu'(我拿水喝)= '我喝了水'。'Ó pa ẹranko jẹ'(他杀死动物吃)= '他杀死并吃了动物'。动词共享主语和(通常)宾语。连动结构处理了英语中用介词、连词或副词表达的内容。这在尼日尔-刚果语中很常见,是约鲁巴语语法的特点。

Sources for Yoruba

The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.

  1. Adesola, O. (n.d.). Yorùbá: A Grammatical Sketch. Manuscript. [HTS, tones, pronouns, TAM, SVCs, focus]
  2. Adesola, O. & Safir, K. (2005). "Referential dependencies in Yoruba." Manuscript. [logophors, anaphora]
  3. Aboh, E.O. (2010). "The Morphosyntax of the Noun Phrase." In E. Aboh & J. Essegbey (eds.), Topics in Kwa Syntax. Springer. [NP structure, àwọn plural]
  4. Akinwande, D. (2025). "Focus in Ohori Yoruba." [focus marker variation]
  5. Babarinde, O. & Ahamefula, N. (2013). "Tonal Sandhi in the Yoruba Language." Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 3(12): 133–136. [step 15: monosyllabic L-verb → M before noun object; object-pronoun tonal polarity; floating-tone docking]
  6. Balogun, B. (2021). Examining Evidence for Passive in Yoruba. MA dissertation, University of Cape Town. [passive, nipase / láti ọwọ́ agent phrase]
  7. Bamgbose, A. (1966). A Grammar of Yoruba. Cambridge University Press. [local PDF, primary-source-verified: §1.43 pp. 8–10 assimilated low tone; §D4.41–D4.42 pp. 82–83 Class I/II verb tone sandhi (step 15); p. 3 "only Active Voice" (Gaye & Beecroft quote, traditional no-passive stance); §E5.11 p. 103 a- as nominalising prefix (distinct morpheme from Balogun's expletive pronoun a)]
  8. Bisang, W. & Sonaiya, R. (1999/2000). "Information structuring in Yoruba." Linguistics 38.1. [focus / topic]
  9. Orie, O.O. & Pulleyblank, D. (1998). "Yoruba Vowel Elision: Minimality Effects." ROA-290 manuscript (also 2002 NLLT 20:101–156). [vowel elision, prosodic minimality]
  10. Rowlands, E.C. (1993). Teach Yourself Yoruba. Hodder & Stoughton. [pedagogical reference — local PDF]
  11. Awobuluyi, O. (1978). Essentials of Yoruba Grammar. Oxford University Press. [splitting verbs — local PDF]

See all data sources and dataset-level citations for the broader bibliography.

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