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Yoruba linguistic data

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Common questions about Yoruba

这个约鲁巴语页面展示了哪些语言数据？
语序、声调系统、性别数量、格标记、介词方向、音节结构、辅音库存特征、元音系统（包括鼻化元音）、形态配列、文字、语体分层、母语者数量和地理区域。每一行是一个特征，显示约鲁巴语的取值；你可以添加其他语言，在同一特征上并排对比。
约鲁巴语的数据点来自哪里？
类型学特征来自URIEL+（Mortensen等人）和基于描述语法定制的数据集。母语者数量来自Ethnologue和Glottolog。地理区域基于Asher 2007年世界语言地图集。相似度评分综合了遗传距离、类型学重叠和词汇借用数据。
约鲁巴语的声调如何运作？
约鲁巴语每个音节有三个词汇声调：高、中、低。中调在书写中不标记；高调用尖音符（á, é）表示；低调用抑音符（à, è）表示。最小对仅靠声调区分——okó（高）“锄头”，ọkọ̀（低）“车辆”，oko（中）“农场”。声调也标记动词词干的语法对立。
为什么约鲁巴语在美洲具有文化重要性？
跨大西洋奴隶贸易（尤其是19世纪）将大量约鲁巴语人群带到古巴、巴西、特立尼达等地。约鲁巴宗教传统演变为卢库米（古巴圣灵教）、坎东布雷（巴西）等，约鲁巴礼仪词汇代代相传。约鲁巴语借词存在于加勒比西班牙语和葡萄牙语中。
为什么约鲁巴语在相似度评分上与伊博语或契维语聚为一类？
这三种都是西非尼日尔-刚果语系语言，共享SVO语序、声调音系和大量类型学特征（无屈折一致、孤立-黏着混合、类似量词的名词标记）。遗传谱系使约鲁巴语更接近其他沃尔特-尼日尔语言。行上的因素分解芯片会显示哪些维度贡献最大。

Sources for Yoruba

The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.

  1. Adesola, O. (n.d.). Yorùbá: A Grammatical Sketch. Manuscript. [HTS, tones, pronouns, TAM, SVCs, focus]
  2. Adesola, O. & Safir, K. (2005). "Referential dependencies in Yoruba." Manuscript. [logophors, anaphora]
  3. Aboh, E.O. (2010). "The Morphosyntax of the Noun Phrase." In E. Aboh & J. Essegbey (eds.), Topics in Kwa Syntax. Springer. [NP structure, àwọn plural]
  4. Akinwande, D. (2025). "Focus in Ohori Yoruba." [focus marker variation]
  5. Babarinde, O. & Ahamefula, N. (2013). "Tonal Sandhi in the Yoruba Language." Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 3(12): 133–136. [step 15: monosyllabic L-verb → M before noun object; object-pronoun tonal polarity; floating-tone docking]
  6. Balogun, B. (2021). Examining Evidence for Passive in Yoruba. MA dissertation, University of Cape Town. [passive, nipase / láti ọwọ́ agent phrase]
  7. Bamgbose, A. (1966). A Grammar of Yoruba. Cambridge University Press. [local PDF, primary-source-verified: §1.43 pp. 8–10 assimilated low tone; §D4.41–D4.42 pp. 82–83 Class I/II verb tone sandhi (step 15); p. 3 "only Active Voice" (Gaye & Beecroft quote, traditional no-passive stance); §E5.11 p. 103 a- as nominalising prefix (distinct morpheme from Balogun's expletive pronoun a)]
  8. Bisang, W. & Sonaiya, R. (1999/2000). "Information structuring in Yoruba." Linguistics 38.1. [focus / topic]
  9. Orie, O.O. & Pulleyblank, D. (1998). "Yoruba Vowel Elision: Minimality Effects." ROA-290 manuscript (also 2002 NLLT 20:101–156). [vowel elision, prosodic minimality]
  10. Rowlands, E.C. (1993). Teach Yourself Yoruba. Hodder & Stoughton. [pedagogical reference — local PDF]
  11. Awobuluyi, O. (1978). Essentials of Yoruba Grammar. Oxford University Press. [splitting verbs — local PDF]

See all data sources and dataset-level citations for the broader bibliography.

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