Thai grammar wheels

The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.

1. Iwasaki, Shoichi and Preeya Ingkaphirom (2005). A Reference Grammar of Thai. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Primary source for linking particle /kɔ̂/ ก็ (Ch 13, pp. 171-177), body-part expressions and /cay/ personality- vs-emotion word-order minimal pair (Ch 16, pp. 213-220), complementizer and quotative /wâa/ ว่า (Ch 21, pp. 259-267), reciprocal/distributive/collective /kan/ กัน (Ch 25, pp. 305-311), three-way passive (Ch 26, pp. 313-321), three-way periphrastic causative (Ch 27, pp. 323-337), topic-comment / topic-prominence (Ch 30, pp. 359-363), and the inflection-vs-derivation distinction with the /kaan-/, /khwaam-/, /nâa-/ prefix examples used in Step 3 (p. 3 §1.1 [no inflection]; §2.1.1 pp. 26-31 [productive prefixes]).
2. Smyth, David (2014). Thai: An Essential Grammar. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.
3. Noss, Richard B. (1964). Thai Reference Grammar. Washington, DC: Foreign Service Institute.
4. Higbie, James and Snea Thinsan (2002). Thai Reference Grammar: The Structure of Spoken Thai. Bangkok: Orchid Press.
5. Prasithrathsint, Amara (1985, 2001, 2004). Studies on the Thai passive, cited in Iwasaki & Ingkaphirom 2005 Ch 26.
6. Singhapreecha, Pornsiri (2001). "Thai Classifiers and Complex Nominals." PACLIC 15. Primary source for the closed-class classifier inventory size: ~80 total classifiers, ~40 in everyday use (§3.1 p. 262, citing McFarland 1942 *Thai-English Dictionary*, Haas 1964 *Thai-English Student's Dictionary*, and Carpenter 1991 *J. Child Language* 18:93-113).

See all data sources and dataset-level citations for the broader bibliography.