Glottolog
Ouvrage de référence sur les langues du monde, tenu à jour par l’Institut Max Planck d’anthropologie évolutionniste. Nous utilisons son Agglomerated Endangerment Status (AES) pour classer la vitalité des langues.
Données utilisées
- Niveaux de menace AES (non menacée, menacée, en voie de substitution, moribonde, quasi éteinte, éteinte)
Utilisation sur le site
- Tableau comparatif → section Statut (Vitalité, Tendance)
Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian. 2024. Glottolog 5.1.
Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
URIEL+
Base de données typologiques, phonologiques et phylogénétiques couvrant des milliers de langues. Elle enrichit la base URIEL d’origine de traits supplémentaires.
Données utilisées
- Traits syntaxiques (ordre des mots, sujet nul, articles, position de l’adjectif et du numéral)
- Traits phonologiques (tons, clics, éjectives, implosives, uvulaires)
- Traits morphologiques (genre, cas nominaux, distinctions de politesse)
- Vecteurs génétiques et typologiques servant au calcul de la proximité entre langues
Utilisation sur le site
- Tableau comparatif → section Typologie (URIEL+)
- Scores de proximité entre langues (calcul interne)
Littell, Patrick, et al. "URIEL and lang2vec: Representing languages as typological, phylogenetic, and geographical vectors." Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017.
PHOIBLE 2.0
Base de données interlinguistique d’inventaires phonologiques des langues du monde. PHOIBLE 2.0 réunit 3 020 inventaires pour 2 186 langues, tirés de grammaires descriptives, de bases de données typologiques et d’enquêtes de terrain.
Données utilisées
- Caractère tonal, c’est-à-dire l’usage du ton à des fins lexicales ou grammaticales
- Consonnes à clic, c’est-à-dire la présence de phonèmes clics (ǀ ǁ ǃ ǂ ʘ) dans l’inventaire
- Couvre environ 1 205 langues de notre catalogue (appariées d’abord par code ISO 639-3, puis par Glottocode)
Utilisation sur le site
- Tableau comparatif → section Typologie (tons, clics)
- Découvrir une langue → filtres de phonologie (langues tonales, consonnes à clic)
Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.) 2019. PHOIBLE 2.0.
Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Disponible en ligne sur phoible.org.
Grambank
Base de données mondiale des propriétés structurelles (grammaticales) des langues, constituée par une équipe de plus de 100 linguistes. Grambank couvre 2 467 langues et 195 traits tirés de grammaires publiées.
Données utilisées
- Traits syntaxiques (ordre des mots, position de l’adjectif et du numéral, articles, sujet nul)
- Traits morphologiques (cas nominaux, genre, duel, clusivité, politesse)
- Complète les données grammaticales pour environ 476 langues absentes d’URIEL+
Utilisation sur le site
- Tableau comparatif → section Typologie (URIEL+)
- Découvrir une langue → filtres de grammaire (ordre des mots, genre, cas, etc.)
Skirgård, Hedvig et al. 2023.
Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and
is itself well-explained by geography. Science Advances 9(eadg6175). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg6175
Glottography / Asher 2007 World Atlas
Polygones numérisés des aires où vivent les locuteurs natifs, issus de l’Atlas of the World's Languages (2e édition, Routledge 2007). La carte montre où les langues sont traditionnellement parlées et ne suit pas les frontières politiques.
Données utilisées
- Géométries des polygones de répartition des locuteurs natifs (environ 4 686 entités pour environ 3 612 langues)
- Superficie (km²) de chaque langue, calculée à partir des géométries par la formule de l’intégrale curviligne sur la sphère puis additionnée sur toutes les entités de la langue
- Degré de menace (AES) et pays de présence, tirés des métadonnées de chaque entité
Utilisation sur le site
- Onglet Découvrir → couche cartographique
- Superficies (km²) dans geojson-metadata.json, disponibles pour les fiches de langues et les statistiques
- Filtres de vitalité (AES) et de région géographique
Asher, R.E. & Moseley, Christopher (eds.). 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
Numérisé par Glottography / CLDF.
etymology-db (Wiktionary)
Données étymologiques structurées extraites du Wiktionnaire, qui retracent les emprunts lexicaux entre langues. Elles servent à repérer le vocabulaire commun hérité du contact historique et de l’emprunt.
Données utilisées
- Pourcentages et nombres d’emprunts lexicaux entre paires de langues
Utilisation sur le site
- Calcul de proximité entre langues (bonus lié aux emprunts)
Natural Earth
Données cartographiques vectorielles et matricielles gratuites aux échelles 1:10m, 1:50m et 1:110m. Elles fournissent les polygones des frontières nationales du globe et des cartes.
Données utilisées
- Polygones des frontières nationales (résolutions 110m et 50m, TopoJSON)
Utilisation sur le site
- Globe et carte → frontières nationales et fond de carte
Unicode CLDR
Le Unicode Common Locale Data Repository associe chaque langue à son écriture et décrit les propriétés des systèmes d’écriture. L’écriture attribuée à chaque langue repose sur les données du CLDR et sur l’analyse des blocs Unicode.
Données utilisées
- Écriture de chaque langue (latine, cyrillique, arabe, devanagari, etc.)
- Sens de l’écriture, distinction majuscules/minuscules et nombre de caractères
Utilisation sur le site
- Tableau comparatif → section Système d’écriture
Omniglot
Encyclopédie en ligne des systèmes d’écriture et des langues, tenue par Simon Ager. Omniglot décrit les écritures, les orthographes et l’histoire écrite des langues du monde, avec des articles détaillés par langue sur des centaines de systèmes d’écriture.
Données utilisées
- Identification de l’écriture d’environ 250 langues minoritaires et régionales absentes d’Unicode CLDR
- Vérification de l’écriture principale et des écritures secondaires pour les langues qui en utilisent plusieurs
- Informations sur les orthographes anciennes et actuelles (par exemple l’éthiopien face au latin pour les langues d’Éthiopie, ou le shahmukhi pour le pahari-potwari)
Utilisation sur le site
- Tableau comparatif → section Système d’écriture (écritures des langues minoritaires)
Ager, Simon. Omniglot — The Online Encyclopedia of Writing Systems & Languages.
Disponible sur omniglot.com.
Recoupé avec les articles de Wikipédia consacrés à chaque langue et avec ScriptSource, de SIL International
(scriptsource.org).
Wikidata
Base de connaissances libre qui fournit des données structurées sur les langues, dont leur statut officiel dans les pays et les organisations internationales. Le nombre de locuteurs (P1098) a été obtenu par requêtes SPARQL pour environ 1 878 langues.
Données utilisées
- Statut de langue officielle (ONU, UE, organisations internationales)
- Nombre de locuteurs (P1098) avec l’année de l’estimation
Utilisation sur le site
- Tableau comparatif → section Statut (Statut officiel)
- Découvrir une langue → infobulles de Toutes les langues (nombre de locuteurs)
Wikipedia
Nombre de locuteurs relevé dans les infobox des articles consacrés aux langues, pour environ 2 500 langues sans données structurées de locuteurs dans Wikidata. Ces infobox citent en général des recensements et l’Ethnologue.
Données utilisées
- Nombre de locuteurs indiqué dans les infobox des articles sur les langues
Utilisation sur le site
- Découvrir une langue → infobulles de Toutes les langues (nombre de locuteurs)
EF English Proficiency Index
Classement annuel des pays et régions selon le niveau d’anglais, établi à partir des résultats de tests passés par des millions d’adultes dans le monde. Il sert à estimer la maîtrise de l’anglais dans les pays dépourvus de données d’enquête.
Données utilisées
- Niveau d’anglais par pays
Utilisation sur le site
- Calcul de la portée linguistique (estimations du bilinguisme par pays)
EF Education First. (2024). EF English Proficiency Index.
Signum International AG.
Eurobarometer 540
Enquête menée dans toute l’UE sur les connaissances et les attitudes linguistiques, avec les taux de maîtrise de toutes les langues officielles de l’UE dans chaque État membre.
Données utilisées
- Taux de maîtrise des langues dans les États membres de l’UE
Utilisation sur le site
- Calcul de la portée linguistique (données sur le bilinguisme en Europe)
European Commission. (2024). Special Eurobarometer 540: Europeans and their Languages.
Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture.
Ethnologue
Ouvrage de référence qui répertorie toutes les langues vivantes connues, avec des estimations du nombre de locuteurs et la répartition de chaque langue par pays.
Données utilisées
- Nombre total de locuteurs, de locuteurs natifs et de locuteurs L2
- Répartition de chaque langue par pays
Utilisation sur le site
- Calcul de la portée linguistique, statistiques sur les locuteurs
Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2024. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-seventh edition.
Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
British Council
Études et publications sur l’apprentissage et la maîtrise de l’anglais dans le monde, avec des estimations pour les pays que les autres enquêtes ne couvrent pas.
Données utilisées
- Estimations de la maîtrise de l’anglais hors d’Europe
Utilisation sur le site
- Calcul de la portée linguistique
British Council. Research and Insight: Languages.
British Council.
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
Rapport sur la situation de la langue française dans le monde, qui donne le nombre de locuteurs, les niveaux de maîtrise et la répartition par pays.
Données utilisées
- Nombre de francophones et données de maîtrise du français par pays
Utilisation sur le site
- Calcul de la portée linguistique
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. (2022). La langue française dans le monde: 2019–2022.
Paris: Gallimard.
WALS Online (World Atlas of Language Structures)
Vaste base de données des propriétés structurelles (phonologiques, grammaticales et lexicales) des langues, rassemblées à partir de descriptions publiées par une équipe de plus de 55 auteurs.
Données utilisées
- Traits typologiques servant à classer les langues
Utilisation sur le site
- Calcul de la portée linguistique
Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). 2013. WALS Online (v2020.4).
Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13950591.
Littérature linguistique (intercompréhension)
Données d’intercompréhension réunies à partir de la littérature en linguistique comparée, des articles de Wikipédia sur les familles de langues et d’études empiriques publiées. Elles couvrent les relations d’intercompréhension d’environ 186 langues des familles romane, germanique, slave, turque, indo-aryenne, arabe, dravidienne, austronésienne, celtique, bantoue et couchitique.
Données utilisées
- Degré d’intercompréhension (very_high / high / moderate / low) entre paires de langues apparentées
- Les relations asymétriques sont conservées. Par exemple, les lusophones comprennent mieux l’espagnol que les hispanophones ne comprennent le portugais.
Utilisation sur le site
- Tableau comparatif → ligne Intercompréhension
Gooskens, Charlotte. (2007). The contribution of linguistic factors to the intelligibility of closely related languages. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28(6), 445–467.
Tang, C., & Van Heuven, V.J. (2009). Mutual intelligibility of Chinese dialects experimentally tested. Lingua 119(5), 709–732.
Wikipedia contributors. Mutual intelligibility. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. CC-BY-SA 4.0.
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
Inventaire des langues menacées dans le monde, avec un classement du degré de menace allant de « vulnérable » à « éteinte ».
Données utilisées
- Classement des langues selon leur degré de menace
Utilisation sur le site
- Calcul de la portée linguistique
Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. 3rd edition.
Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2.
Grammaires de référence (sources savantes par langue)
Ouvrages savants divers
Les parcours de grammaire, les constructeurs de mécanismes et les pages de présentation des langues de mossyrune décrivent la structure grammaticale de chaque langue. Ces descriptions s’appuient sur les grammaires descriptives et de référence publiées listées ci-dessous (511 ouvrages au total). Les faits grammaticaux, comme l’ordre des mots, la structure des paradigmes ou l’emploi des particules, ne relèvent pas du droit d’auteur, mais les chercheurs qui les ont décrits méritent d’être cités.
Les listes de sources de chaque langue figurent aussi en tête de chaque fichier de grammaire dans src/lib/data/grammar/ et de chaque fichier de mécanismes dans src/lib/data/mechanisms/, à côté des notes de recherche de docs/references/.
Indo-européen — Langues romanes 34
- Abeillé, A. & Godard, D. (eds.) (2021). La grande grammaire du français. Actes Sud / CNRS.
- Batchelor, R. E. & Chebli-Saadi, M. A Reference Grammar of French. Cambridge University Press.
- Bosque, I. & Demonte, V. (eds.) (1999). Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española. 3 vols. Espasa Calpe.
- Butt, J. & Benjamin, C. (2011). A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (5th ed.). Hodder Education.
- Cojocaru, D. (2003). Romanian Grammar. SEELRC, Duke University.
- Cunha, C. & Cintra, L. (2017). Nova Gramática do Português Contemporâneo (7th ed.). Lexikon.
- Dobrovie-Sorin, C. & Giurgea, I. (2006). The Syntax of Romanian. Oxford University Press.
- Grevisse, M. & Goosse, A. (2008/2016). Le Bon Usage (14th/16th ed.). De Boeck.
- Hawkins, R. & Towell, R. (2015). French Grammar and Usage (4th ed.). Routledge.
- Hualde, J. I. (2005). The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge University Press.
- Hualde, J. I., Olarrea, A., Escobar, A. M. & Travis, C. E. (2010). Introducción a la lingüística hispánica (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Hutchinson, A. P. & Lloyd, J. (2003). Portuguese: An Essential Grammar. Routledge.
- King, L. D. & Suñer, M. (2004). Gramática española: Análisis y práctica (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Lepschy, A. L. & Lepschy, G. (1988). The Italian Language Today (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Lipski, J. M. (2012). El español de América (6th ed.). Cátedra.
- Maiden, M. & Robustelli, C. (2007). A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Mallinson, G. (1986). Romanian. Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars.
- Mateus, M. H. M. et al. (2003). Gramática da Língua Portuguesa (7th ed.). Caminho.
- Pană Dindelegan, G. (2013). The Grammar of Romanian. Oxford University Press.
- Perini, M. A. (2002). Modern Portuguese: A Reference Grammar. Yale University Press.
- Price, G. A Comprehensive French Grammar (6th ed.). Blackwell.
- Proudfoot, A. & Cardo, F. (2005). Modern Italian Grammar: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- RAE & ASALE (2009). Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Espasa.
- RAE & ASALE (2010). Nueva gramática de la lengua española: Manual. Espasa.
- Raposo, E. B. P. et al. (eds.) (2013). Gramática do Português. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
- Renzi, L., Salvi, G. & Cardinaletti, A. (eds.) (1988–95). Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione. 3 vols. Il Mulino.
- Riegel, M., Pellat, J.-C. & Rioul, R. (2011/2018). Grammaire méthodique du français (4th/7th ed.). PUF.
- Rohlfs, G. (1966–69). Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti. 3 vols. Einaudi.
- Serianni, L. (1989). Grammatica italiana: Italiano comune e lingua letteraria. UTET.
- Teyssier, P. (1982). História da Língua Portuguesa. Sá da Costa.
- Thomas, E. W. (1969/2000). The Syntax of Spoken Brazilian Portuguese. Vanderbilt University Press.
- Whitley, M. S. & González, L. (2016). Gramática para la composición (3rd ed.). Georgetown University Press.
- Whitlam, J. (2017). Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Zagona, K. (2002). The Syntax of Spanish. Cambridge University Press.
Indo-européen — Langues germaniques 27
- Aarts, B. (2011). Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press.
- Aarts, B., Bowie, J. & Popova, G. (eds.) (2019). The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Oxford University Press.
- Baugh, A. C. & Cable, T. (2012). A History of the English Language (6th ed.). Routledge.
- Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman.
- Booij, G. (2002/2019). The Morphology of Dutch (1st/2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Carter, R. & McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide. Cambridge University Press.
- Donaldson, B. (1997/2008). Dutch: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
- Duden (2016). Die Grammatik (9th ed.). Dudenverlag.
- Durrell, M. (2011). Using German: A Guide to Contemporary Usage (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Eisenberg, P. (2013). Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik (4th ed.). 2 vols. Metzler.
- Fox, A. (2005). The Structure of German (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Greenbaum, S. (1996). The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press.
- Haeseryn, W., Romijn, K., Geerts, G., de Rooij, J. & van den Toorn, M. C. (1997). Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst (ANS) (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff / Wolters Noordhoff.
- Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). Routledge.
- Hammer, A. E. & Durrell, M. (2017). Hammer's German Grammar and Usage (7th ed.). Routledge.
- Helbig, G. & Buscha, J. Deutsche Grammatik: Ein Handbuch für den Ausländerunterricht. Klett/Langenscheidt.
- Hentschel, E. & Weydt, H. (2013). Handbuch der deutschen Grammatik (4th ed.). de Gruyter.
- Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press.
- Huddleston, R., Pullum, G. K. & Reynolds, B. (2022). A Student's Introduction to English Grammar (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Jespersen, O. (1909–49). A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. 7 vols. Allen & Unwin / Munksgaard.
- Parrott, M. (2010). Grammar for English Language Teachers (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English. Longman.
- Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman.
- Shetter, W. Z. & Ham, E. (2007). Dutch: An Essential Grammar (9th ed.). Routledge.
- Swan, M. (2016). Practical English Usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Zifonun, G., Hoffmann, L. & Strecker, B. (1997). Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. 3 vols. de Gruyter.
- Zwart, J.-W. (2011). The Syntax of Dutch. Cambridge University Press.
Indo-européen — Langues slaves 15
- Bailyn, J. F. (2012). The Syntax of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
- Forsyth, J. (1970). A Grammar of Aspect: Usage and Meaning in the Russian Verb. Cambridge University Press.
- Humesky, A. (1980). Modern Ukrainian. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
- Janda, L. A. & Clancy, S. J. (2002). The Case Book for Russian. Slavica.
- Levine, J. (2009). Russian Grammar. McGraw-Hill.
- Offord, D. & Gogolitsyna, N. (2005). Using Russian: A Guide to Contemporary Usage (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Press, I. & Pugh, S. (1999). Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
- Pugh, S. & Press, I. (1994/2005). Colloquial Ukrainian. Routledge.
- Pulkina, I. M. & Zakhava-Nekrasova, E. B. (1992). Russian: A Practical Grammar with Exercises. Russky Yazyk.
- Sadowska, I. (2012). Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
- Shvedova, N. Yu. (ed.) (1980). Russkaya grammatika. 2 vols. Nauka.
- Swan, O. E. (2002). A Grammar of Contemporary Polish. Slavica.
- Timberlake, A. (2004). A Reference Grammar of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
- Wade, T. (2011). A Comprehensive Russian Grammar (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Zaliznyak, A. A. (1977/2003). Grammaticheskiy slovar' russkogo yazyka. Russkiye Slovari.
Indo-européen — Langues indo-aryennes 60
- Bashir, E. & Conners, T. J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Mouton de Gruyter.
- Bhatia, T. K. (1993). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar. Routledge.
- Bonazzi, E. (2008). Bangla Language Handbook. LINCOM Europa.
- Butt, M. (1995). The Structure of Complex Predicates in Urdu. CSLI Publications.
- Cardona, G. & Jain, D. (eds.) (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge.
- Cardona, G. & Suthar, B. (2003). "Gujarati." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 659–697. Routledge.
- Chatterji, S. K. (1926). The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. 2 vols. Calcutta University.
- Dasgupta, P. (2003). "Bangla." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 351–390. Routledge.
- Delacy, R. & Joshi, S. (2018). Elementary Hindi. Tuttle.
- Dhongde, R. V. & Wali, K. (2009). Marathi. LOALL 13. John Benjamins.
- Gill, H. S. & Gleason, H. A. (1969). A Reference Grammar of Punjabi. Panjab University.
- Grierson, G. A. (1883–87). Seven Grammars of the Dialects and Subdialects of the Bihari Languages. Bharatiya.
- Grierson, G. A. (1903–28). Linguistic Survey of India. (esp. Vols. V/VI/IX). Calcutta.
- Hook, P. E. (1974). The Compound Verb in Hindi. University of Michigan.
- Jha, S. (1958). The Formation of the Maithili Language. Luzac.
- Kachru, Y. (2006). Hindi. LOALL 12. John Benjamins.
- Kavyopadhyaya, H. L. et al. (1921). A Grammar of the Chhattisgarhi Dialect of Eastern Hindi. Baptist Mission Press.
- Kellogg, S. H. (1893). A Grammar of the Hindi Language (3rd ed.). Kegan Paul.
- Khubchandani, L. M. (2003). "Sindhi." In Cardona & Jain (eds.). Routledge.
- Koul, O. N. (2008). A Reference Grammar of Urdu. Indian Institute of Language Studies.
- Lambert, H. M. (1971). Gujarati Language Course. Cambridge University Press.
- Lekhwani, K. (1997). An Intensive Course in Sindhi (2nd ed.). CIIL.
- Masica, C. P. (1991/1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press.
- McGregor, R. S. (1977). Hindi Grammar. Oxford University Press.
- McGregor, R. S. (1995). Outline of Hindi Grammar (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Mistry, P. J. (1997). "Gujarati." In Comrie (ed.), The Major Languages of South Asia. Routledge.
- Mohanan, T. (1994). Argument Structure in Hindi. CSLI Publications.
- Mohapatra, B. P. (2007). A Synchronic Grammar of Oriya. CIIL, Mysore.
- Neukom, L. & Patnaik, M. (2003). A Grammar of Oriya. ASAS, Universität Zürich.
- Ohala, M. (1983). Aspects of Hindi Grammar. Manohar.
- Pandharipande, R. V. (1997). Marathi. Routledge Descriptive Grammars.
- Platts, J. T. (1874). A Grammar of the Hindustani or Urdu Language. W. H. Allen.
- Prasad, S. (2008 [1966]). Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study. Concept.
- Radice, W. (2003). Teach Yourself Bengali. Hodder & Stoughton.
- Ray, P. S., Hai, M. A. & Ray, L. (1966). Bengali Language Handbook. Center for Applied Linguistics.
- Ray, T. S. (2003). "Oriya." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 485–522. Routledge.
- Schmidt, R. L. (1999). Urdu: An Essential Grammar. Routledge.
- Shackle, C. (1972). Punjabi. Teach Yourself Books.
- Shackle, C. (1976). The Siraiki Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar. SOAS.
- Shackle, C. (2003). "Panjabi." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 581–621. Routledge.
- Shapiro, M. C. (2003). "Hindi." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 250–285. Routledge.
- Sharma, D. D. (1995). Tribal Languages of Himachal Pradesh, Part I. Eastern Book Linkers.
- Sharma, D. N. (1981). Chhattisgarhi Bhasha: Ek Adhyayan. Chhattisgarhi Academy.
- Shukla, S. (1981). Bhojpuri Grammar. Georgetown University Press.
- Singh, U. N. (2007). Maithili Grammar. Lincom Europa.
- Snell, R. & Weightman, S. (2003). Teach Yourself Hindi. Hodder & Stoughton.
- Subbarao, K. V. (2012). South Asian Languages: A Syntactic Typology. Cambridge University Press.
- Thompson, H.-R. (2012). Bengali. LOALL 18. John Benjamins.
- Tisdall, W. St. C. (1892). A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language. (Internet Archive).
- Tiwari, U. N. (1960). The Origin and Development of Bhojpuri / Awadhi bhāṣā aur sāhitya. Asiatic Society / Hindi Sahitya Sammelan.
- Tolstaya, N. I. (1981). The Panjabi Language: A Descriptive Grammar. Routledge.
- Trumpp, E. (1872). Grammar of the Sindhi Language. Trübner.
- Verma, M. K. (1991). "Magahi." In Kachru & Sridhar (eds.), Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press.
- Verma, M. K. (2003). "Awadhi" / "Bhojpuri." In Cardona & Jain (eds.). Routledge.
- Verma, S. (1985). The Structure of the Magahi Verb. Manohar.
- Verma, S. (2003). "Magahi." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 547–565. Routledge.
- Wali, K. & Koul, O. N. (2006). Marathi. Lincom Europa.
- Yadav, R. (1996). A Reference Grammar of Maithili. Mouton de Gruyter.
- Yadav, R. (2003). "Maithili." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 523–546. Routledge.
- Yegorova, R. P. (1971). The Sindhi Language. Nauka.
Indo-européen — Langues iraniennes 10
- David, A. B. (2014). Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. Mouton de Gruyter.
- Elfenbein, J. (1997). "Pashto." In Schmitt (ed.), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum.
- Lazard, G. (1992). A Grammar of Contemporary Persian. Mazda.
- Mace, J. (2003). Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision. RoutledgeCurzon.
- Mahootian, S. (1997). Persian. Routledge Descriptive Grammars.
- Penzl, H. (1955). A Grammar of Pashto: A Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar. ACLS.
- Robson, B. & Tegey, H. (2009). "Pashto." In Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages. Routledge.
- Tegey, H. & Robson, B. (1996). A Reference Grammar of Pashto. Center for Applied Linguistics.
- Windfuhr, G. L. (1979). Persian Grammar: History and State of its Study. Mouton.
- Yousef, S. (2018). Persian: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
Sino-tibétain 27
- Bauer, R. S. & Benedict, P. K. (1997). Modern Cantonese Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter.
- Bào, H. & Cuī, Z. (2006). 湖南方言概要 (A Survey of Hunan Dialects). Húnán Shīfàn Dàxué.
- Chao, Y. R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. University of California Press.
- Chappell, H. & Lamarre, C. (2019). A Grammar and Lexicon of Hakka: Historical Materials from the Basel Mission Library. INALCO/HAL.
- Chen, H. (2010). 长沙方言研究 (Studies on the Changsha Dialect). Húnán Jiàoyù.
- Cheung, S. H. (1986). A descriptive phonology of present-day Cantonese. PhD diss., University of California.
- Hashimoto, M. J. (1973). The Hakka Dialect: A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and Lexicon. Cambridge University Press.
- Huang, C.-T. J., Li, Y.-H. A. & Li, Y. (2009). The Syntax of Chinese. Cambridge University Press.
- Klöter, H. (2005). Written Taiwanese. Harrassowitz.
- Kurpaska, M. (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". de Gruyter.
- Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. University of California Press.
- Li, D. & Cheng, M. (2008). A Practical Chinese Grammar for Foreigners. Sinolingua.
- Li, X. (2018). A Grammar of Gan Chinese: The Yichun Language. de Gruyter Mouton.
- Liu, Y., Pan, W. & Gu, W. (2001). Shiyong xiandai Hanyu yufa (2nd ed.). Commercial Press.
- Matthews, S. & Yip, V. (1994/2011). Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar (1st/2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Norman, J. (1988). Chinese. Cambridge University Press.
- Qian, N. (1997). 上海話語法 (Grammar of Shanghainese). Shanghai Education Press.
- Ross, C. & Ma, J.-h. S. (2006). Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide. Routledge.
- Sun, C. (2006). Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
- Wiedenhof, J. (2015). A Grammar of Mandarin. John Benjamins.
- Wu, Y. (2005). A Synchronic and Diachronic Study of the Grammar of the Chinese Xiang Dialects. Mouton de Gruyter.
- Xióng, Z. (1995). 南昌方言词典 (Dictionary of the Nanchang Dialect). Jiangsu Education.
- Yan, M. M. (2006). Introduction to Chinese Dialects. LINCOM Europa.
- Yip, P.-C. & Rimmington, D. (2004). Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
- Yuán, J. et al. (2001). 汉语方言概要 (Outline of Chinese Dialects) (2nd ed.). Yǔwén.
- Zhu, D. (1982). Yufa jiangyi (Lectures on Grammar). Commercial Press.
- Zhu, X. (2006). A Grammar of Shanghai Wu. LINCOM (LSASL 66).
Asie du Sud-Est continentale (taï, môn-khmer, viétique, tibéto-birman) 14
- Cooke, J. R. (1989). Thai Sentence Particles and Other Topics. Pacific Linguistics A-80.
- Haiman, J. & Ourn, N. (2011). A Grammar of Colloquial Khmer. de Gruyter Mouton.
- Headley, R. K. et al. (1977). Cambodian-English Dictionary. 2 vols. Catholic University of America Press.
- Higbie, J. & Thinsan, S. (2002). Thai Reference Grammar: The Structure of Spoken Thai. Orchid Press.
- Huffman, F. E. (1970). Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. Yale University Press.
- Iwasaki, S. & Ingkaphirom, P. (2005). A Reference Grammar of Thai. Cambridge University Press.
- Jacob, J. M. (1968). Introduction to Cambodian. Oxford University Press.
- Ngo, B. N. (2020). Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar. Routledge.
- Nguyễn, Đ.-H. (1997). Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn. John Benjamins.
- Noss, R. B. (1964). Thai Reference Grammar. Foreign Service Institute.
- Phan, T. (2024). The Syntax of Vietnamese Tense, Aspect, and Negation. Routledge.
- Smyth, D. (2014). Thai: An Essential Grammar (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Thompson, L. C. (1965). A Vietnamese Grammar. University of Washington Press.
- Tran, T. C. (2024). Essential Vietnamese Grammar. Tuttle.
Austronésien 43
- Adelaar, K. A. & Himmelmann, N. P. (eds.) (2005). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge.
- Alwi, H., Dardjowidjojo, S., Lapoliwa, H. & Moeliono, A. M. (2014). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (4th ed.). Balai Pustaka.
- Coolsma, S. (1904). Soendaneesche Spraakkunst. (Reissued as Tata Bahasa Sunda.)
- Dez, J. (1980a). La syntaxe du malgache. Champion.
- Dez, J. (1980b). Structures de la langue malgache. POF.
- Djajasudarma, T. F., Gunardi, G. & Darsa, U. A. (1994). Tata Bahasa Acuan Bahasa Sunda. Dep. Pend. dan Kebud.
- Djenar, D. N. (2003). A Student's Guide to Indonesian Grammar. Oxford University Press.
- Englebretson, R. (2003). Searching for Structure: The Problem of Complementation in Colloquial Indonesian Conversation. John Benjamins.
- Garvey, C. J. (1964). A Sketch of Malagasy Grammar. Center for Applied Linguistics.
- Hardjadibrata, R. R. (1985). Sundanese: A Syntactical Analysis. Pacific Linguistics D-65.
- Himmelmann, N. P. (2005). "Tagalog." In Adelaar & Himmelmann (eds.), 350–376. Routledge.
- Horne, E. C. (1961). Beginning Javanese. Yale University Press.
- Kats, J. & Soeriadiradja, M. (1982). Tata Bahasa dan Ungkapan Bahasa Sunda. Djambatan.
- Keenan, E. L. & Polinsky, M. (1998). "Malagasy (Austronesian)." In Spencer & Zwicky (eds.), The Handbook of Morphology, 563–624. Blackwell.
- Kroeger, P. R. (1993). Phrase Structure and Grammatical Relations in Tagalog. CSLI Publications.
- Mintz, M. W. (1994). A Student's Grammar of Malay and Indonesian. EPB.
- Müller-Gotama, F. (2001). Sundanese. LINCOM (LWM 369).
- Nik Safiah Karim et al. (2008). Tatabahasa Dewan (3rd ed.). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
- Ogloblin, A. K. (2005). "Javanese." In Adelaar & Himmelmann (eds.). Routledge.
- Ouvrard, L. & Rajaonarimanana, N. (2012). Méthode de malgache. L'Asiathèque.
- Parker, G. W. (1883). A Concise Grammar of the Malagasy Language. Trübner.
- Paul, I. M. (2000). Malagasy Clause Structure. PhD diss., McGill University.
- Pearson, M. (2001). The Clause Structure of Malagasy. PhD diss., UCLA.
- Rajaona, S. (1972). Structure du malgache: étude des formes prédicatives. Ambozontany.
- Rajaonarimanana, N. (1995/2001). Grammaire moderne de la langue malgache. L'Asiathèque.
- Rajemisa-Raolison, R. (1969/1971). Grammaire malgache: enseignement secondaire. Ambozontany.
- Ramelan (1983). Javanese Indicative and Imperative Passives. Pacific Linguistics.
- Ramos, T. V. (1971). Tagalog Structures. University of Hawaii Press.
- Ramos, T. V. & Cena, R. M. (1990). Modern Tagalog. University of Hawaii Press.
- Randriamasimanana, C. (1986). The Causatives of Malagasy. University of Hawaii Press.
- Rasoloson, J. & Rubino, C. (2004). "Malagasy." In Adelaar & Himmelmann (eds.), 456–488. Routledge.
- Robins, R. H. (1959). "Nominal and Verbal Derivation in Sundanese." Lingua 8: 337–369.
- Robson, S. (2014). Javanese Grammar for Students (3rd ed.). Monash University Publishing.
- Robson, S. & Wibisono, S. (2002). Javanese English Dictionary. Periplus.
- Schachter, P. & Otanes, F. T. (1972). Tagalog Reference Grammar. University of California Press.
- Sneddon, J. N. (1996). Indonesian: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
- Sneddon, J. N. (2000). Understanding Indonesian Grammar. Allen & Unwin.
- Sneddon, J. N. (2006). Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian. Pacific Linguistics, ANU.
- Sneddon, J. N., Adelaar, A., Djenar, D. N. & Ewing, M. C. (2010). Indonesian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.). Allen & Unwin.
- Suhandano (1994). A Grammar of Javanese. PhD diss., University of New Mexico.
- Uhlenbeck, E. M. (1978). Studies in Javanese Morphology. KITLV.
- Wedhawati et al. (2006). Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir. Kanisius.
- Winstedt, R. O. (1913). Malay Grammar. Clarendon.
Afro-asiatique — Sémitique (variétés d’arabe et amharique) 53
- Abdel-Massih, E. T., Abdel-Malek, Z. N. & Badawi, E. M. (1979/2009). A Reference Grammar of Egyptian Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
- Amberber, M. (2023). "Amharic." In Meyer, Wakjira & Leyew (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages, 414–442. Oxford University Press.
- Appleyard, D. (1995/2015). Colloquial Amharic. Routledge.
- Armbruster, C. H. (1908–20). Initia Amharica. 3 vols. Cambridge University Press.
- Badawi, E.-S. & Hinds, M. (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. Librairie du Liban.
- Behnstedt, P. & Woidich, M. (1985). Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte. 5 vols. Reichert.
- Behnstedt, P. & Woidich, M. (2005). Arabische Dialektgeographie. Brill.
- Bergman, E. M. (2002). Spoken Sudanese Arabic: Grammar, Dialogues, and Glossary. Dunwoody.
- Bergman, E. M. (2005). Spoken Algerian Arabic. Dunwoody.
- Boucherit, A. (2002). L'arabe parlé à Alger. Peeters.
- Brustad, K. E. (2000). The Syntax of Spoken Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
- Caubet, D. (1993). L'arabe marocain. 2 vols. Peeters.
- Cohen, M. (1936/1995). Traité de langue amharique. Institut d'Ethnologie.
- Cowell, M. W. (2005). A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
- Cowley, R., Bender, M. L., Ferguson, C. A., Fulass, H. & Haile, G. (1976). "The Amharic Language." In Bender et al. (eds.), Language in Ethiopia, 77–98. Oxford University Press.
- Dawkins, C. H. (1969). The Fundamentals of Amharic. Sudan Interior Mission.
- Demeke, G. A. (2014). Grammatical Changes in Semitic: A Diachronic Grammar of Amharic. Red Sea Press.
- Dickins, J. (2007). "Khartoum Arabic." In Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill.
- Eisele, J. C. (1999). Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic. Harrassowitz.
- Ennaji, M., Sadiqi, F. et al. (2004). A Grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah.
- Erwin, W. M. (1963). A Short Reference Grammar of Iraqi Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
- Gary, J. O. & Gamal-Eldin, S. (1982). Cairene Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. North-Holland.
- Harrell, R. S. (1962). A Short Reference Grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
- Harrell, R. S. (2004 [1966]). A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
- Hartmann, J. (1980). Amharische Grammatik. Steiner.
- Hassan, M. K. Keda Mazbuut: A Grammar Book of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. AUC Press.
- Heath, J. (2002). Jewish and Muslim Dialects of Moroccan Arabic. RoutledgeCurzon.
- Hillelson, S. (1935). Sudan Arabic Texts. Cambridge University Press.
- Hitchcock, C. (2024). A Learner's Grammar of Levantine Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
- Holes, C. (1990). Gulf Arabic. Routledge.
- Holes, C. (2004). Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties (rev. ed.). Georgetown University Press.
- Ingham, B. (1994). Najdi Arabic: Central Arabian. John Benjamins.
- Johnstone, T. M. (1967). Eastern Arabian Dialect Studies. Oxford University Press.
- Khalafallah, A. A. (1969). A Descriptive Grammar of Ṣaʻīdī Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Mouton.
- Leslau, W. (1967). Amharic Textbook. Harrassowitz.
- Leslau, W. (1969). An Amharic Reference Grammar. UCLA.
- Leslau, W. (1995). Reference Grammar of Amharic. Harrassowitz.
- Leslau, W. (2000). Introductory Grammar of Amharic. Harrassowitz.
- Liddicoat, A. J. & Lennane, R. B. (2011). An Introduction to Syrian Colloquial Arabic. Dunwoody.
- Marçais, W. (1902). Le dialecte arabe parlé à Tlemcen. Leroux.
- Meyer, R. (2011). "Amharic." In Weninger et al. (eds.), The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. de Gruyter Mouton.
- Mitchell, T. F. (1956). An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Oxford University Press.
- Moscoso García, F. (2004). Esbozo gramatical del árabe marroquí. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha.
- Praetorius, F. (1879). Die amharische Sprache. Halle (repr. Olms).
- Prochazka, T. (1988). Saudi Arabian Dialects. Kegan Paul.
- Stowasser, K. & Ani, M. (2004). A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic: English–Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
- Teferra, A. & Hudson, G. (2007). Essentials of Amharic. Köppe.
- Trimingham, J. S. (1946). Sudanese Colloquial Arabic. Oxford University Press.
- Ullendorff, E. (1955). The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. Taylor's Foreign Press.
- Versteegh, K. (2001). The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University Press.
- Watson, J. C. E. (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
- Woidich, M. (2006). Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik. Harrassowitz.
- Worsely, A. (1925). Sudanese Grammar. SPCK.
Afro-asiatique — Couchitique / omotique 25
- Ali, M. & Zaborski, A. (1990). Handbook of the Oromo Language. Steiner / PAN.
- Allan, E. J. (1976). "Mocha." In Bender (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, 553–587. Michigan State University.
- Andrzejewski, B. W. & Lewis, I. M. (1964). Somali Poetry: An Introduction. Clarendon.
- Baye, Y. (1986). The Phrase Structure of Ethiopian Oromo. PhD diss., SOAS.
- Bender, M. L. (ed.) (1976). The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. Michigan State University.
- Breeze, M. J. (1988). "A sketch of Mocha phonology." Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 14: 1–38.
- Green, C. R. (2021). Somali Grammar. de Gruyter Mouton.
- Griefenow-Mewis, C. (2001). A Grammatical Sketch of Written Oromo. Köppe.
- Griefenow-Mewis, C. & Bitima, T. (1994). Lehrbuch des Oromo. Köppe.
- Hayward, R. J. (ed.) (1990). Omotic Language Studies. SOAS.
- Hodson, A. W. & Walker, C. H. (1922). An Elementary and Practical Grammar of the Galla or Oromo Language. SPCK.
- Leslau, W. (1959). "The verb in Mocha (Moca)." JAOS 79(1): 22–42.
- Mous, M. (2012). "Cushitic." In Frajzyngier & Shay (eds.), The Afroasiatic Languages. Cambridge University Press.
- Nilsson, M. (2025). Learner's Somali Grammar. University of Gothenburg.
- Orwin, M. (1995). Colloquial Somali. Routledge.
- Owens, J. (1985). A Grammar of Harar Oromo. Buske.
- Saeed, J. I. (1982). Central Somali: A Grammatical Outline. Undena.
- Saeed, J. I. (1993). Somali Reference Grammar (2nd rev. ed.). Dunwoody.
- Saeed, J. I. (1999). Somali. LOALL 10. John Benjamins.
- Stroomer, H. (1987). A Comparative Study of Three Southern Oromo Dialects in Kenya. Buske.
- Stroomer, H. (1995). A Grammar of Boraana Oromo (Kenya). Köppe.
- Tosco, M. (2020). "Oromo." In Meyer et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethiopian Languages. Oxford University Press.
- Tucho, A. et al. Oromo Newspaper Reader, Grammar Sketch, and Lexicon. Afaan Oromoo Books.
- Zorc, R. D. & Issa, A. A. (1990). Somali Textbook. Dunwoody.
- Zorc, R. D. & Osman, M. M. (1993). Somali–English Dictionary. Dunwoody.
Afro-asiatique — Tchadique (haoussa) 7
- Abraham, R. C. (1959). The Language of the Hausa People. University of London Press.
- Abu-Manga, A.-A. (1999). Hausa in the Sudan: Process of Adaptation to Arabic. Köppe.
- Caron, B. (1991). Le haoussa de l'Ader. Reimer.
- Jaggar, P. (2001). Hausa. LOALL 7. John Benjamins.
- Kraft, C. H. (1963). A Study of Hausa Syntax. 3 vols.
- Newman, P. (2000). The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar. Yale University Press.
- Wolff, E. (1993). Referenzgrammatik des Hausa. LIT.
Niger-Congo (bantou, kwa, volta-niger, atlantique) 20
- Adesola, O. Yorùbá: A Grammatical Sketch. Manuscript.
- Arnott, D. W. (1970). The Nominal and Verbal Systems of Fula. Clarendon.
- Ashton, E. O. (1944). Swahili Grammar (including Intonation). Longmans, Green.
- Awobuluyi, O. (1978). Essentials of Yoruba Grammar. Oxford University Press Nigeria.
- Bamgbose, A. (1966). A Grammar of Yoruba. Cambridge University Press.
- Bowen, T. J. (1858). Grammatical Sketch and Vocabulary of the Yoruba Language. Smithsonian.
- Emenanjo, N. (2015). A Grammar of Contemporary Igbo: Constituents, Features and Processes. M & J Grand Orbit.
- Green, M. M. & Igwe, G. E. (1963). A Descriptive Grammar of Igbo. Akademie-Verlag / OUP.
- Labatut, R. (1982). La phrase peule et ses transformations. Université de Paris.
- McIntosh, M. (1984). Fulfulde Syntax and Verbal Morphology. KPI.
- Mohammed, M. A. (2001). Modern Swahili Grammar. East African Educational Publishers.
- Mpiranya, F. (2014). Swahili Grammar and Workbook. Routledge.
- Nurse, D. & Hinnebusch, T. J. (1993). Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. UC Press.
- Polomé, E. C. (1967). Swahili Language Handbook. Center for Applied Linguistics.
- Rowlands, E. C. (1969/1993). Teach Yourself Yoruba. Hodder & Stoughton.
- Stennes, L. H. (1967). A Reference Grammar of Adamawa Fulani. Michigan State University.
- Ward, I. C. (1952). An Introduction to the Yoruba Language. Heffer.
- Welmers, W. E. & Welmers, B. F. (1968). Igbo: A Learner's Manual. UCLA / Peace Corps.
- Whiteley, W. H. (1969). Swahili: The Rise of a National Language. Methuen.
- Williamson, K. & Blench, R. (eds.) (2013). Dictionary of Ọ̀nìchà Igbo (2nd ed. draft).
Langues turques 15
- Akin, S. (1999). A Grammar of Modern Turkmen. Türk Dil Kurumu.
- Banguoğlu, T. (1986). Türkçenin Grameri. Türk Dil Kurumu.
- Bodrogligeti, A. J. E. (2002). Modern Literary Uzbek, Parts 1 & 2. LINCOM.
- Bodrogligeti, A. J. E. (2003). An Academic Reference Grammar of Modern Literary Uzbek. LINCOM.
- Boeschoten, H. & Johanson, L. (eds.) (1998). Turkic Languages. Routledge.
- Clark, L. (1998). Turkmen Reference Grammar. Harrassowitz (Turcologica 34).
- Erguvanlı, E. E. (1984). The Function of Word Order in Turkish Grammar. UC Press.
- Göksel, A. & Kerslake, C. (2005/2018). Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar (1st/2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Johanson, L. & Csató, É. Á. (eds.) (1998). The Turkic Languages. Routledge.
- Kononov, A. N. (1960). Грамматика современного узбекского литературного языка. Moscow-Leningrad.
- Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. Routledge Descriptive Grammars.
- Lewis, G. L. (1967/2000). Turkish Grammar. Clarendon.
- Schönig, C. (1998). "Turkmen." In Johanson & Csató (eds.), 261–272. Routledge.
- Sjoberg, A. F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Indiana University Press.
- Underhill, R. (1976). Turkish Grammar. MIT Press.
Dravidien 10
- Asher, R. E. (1985). Tamil. Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars.
- Asher, R. E. & Kumari, T. C. (1997). Malayalam. Routledge Descriptive Grammars.
- Brown, C. P. (1857). A Grammar of the Telugu Language. Christian Knowledge Society.
- Krishnamurti, B. (1961). Telugu Verbal Bases. UC Press.
- Krishnamurti, B. (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press.
- Krishnamurti, B. & Gwynn, J. P. L. (1985). A Grammar of Modern Telugu. Oxford University Press.
- Lehmann, T. (1993). A Grammar of Modern Tamil. Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture.
- Schiffman, H. F. (1983). A Reference Grammar of Spoken Kannada. University of Washington Press.
- Schiffman, H. F. (1999). A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil. Cambridge University Press.
- Sridhar, S. N. (1990). Kannada: Descriptive Grammar. Routledge.
Maya 12
- Andrade, M. J. (1955). A Grammar of Modern Yucatec. University of Chicago Library Microreproduction.
- Ayres, G. & Pfeiler, B. (1997). Los Verbos Mayas: La conjugación en el maya yucateco moderno. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.
- Beltrán de Santa Rosa, P. (1746). [Yucatec Maya grammar].
- Bohnemeyer, J. (2002). The Grammar of Time Reference in Yukatek Maya. LINCOM.
- Bolles, D. & Bolles, A. (2014). A Grammar and Anthology of the Yucatecan Mayan Language (rev. ed.).
- Bricker, V., Po'ot Yah, E. & Dzul de Po'ot, O. (1998). A Dictionary of the Maya Language as Spoken in Hocabá. University of Utah Press.
- Bricker, V. R. (2019). A Historical Grammar of the Maya Language of Yucatan: 1557–2000. University of Utah Press.
- Briceño Chel, F. (2007/2021). Los verbos del maya yucateco actual. INALI.
- Coronel, J. (1620). [Yucatec Maya grammar].
- Gabriel de San Buenaventura (1996 [1684]). [Yucatec Maya grammar sketch].
- Tozzer, A. M. (1921). A Maya Grammar. Peabody Museum.
- Yoshida, S. (2014). Guía gramatical de la lengua maya yucateca para hispanohablantes (3rd ed.). Tohoku University.
Japonais / coréen 19
- Banno, E. et al. (2020). Genki: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese (3rd ed.). Japan Times.
- Byon, A. S. (2017). Modern Korean Grammar: A Practical Guide. Routledge.
- Choo, M. & Kwak, H.-Y. (2008). Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage. Cambridge University Press.
- Hasegawa, Y. (2015). Japanese: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
- Iwasaki, S. (2013). Japanese (rev. ed.). John Benjamins.
- Kaiser, S., Ichikawa, Y., Kobayashi, N. & Yamamoto, H. (2001). Japanese: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
- Kuno, S. (1973). The Structure of the Japanese Language. MIT Press.
- Kuno, S. (1978). Danwa no Bunpo. Taishukan.
- Makino, S. & Tsutsui, M. (1986). A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar. Japan Times.
- Makino, S. & Tsutsui, M. (1995). A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar. Japan Times.
- Makino, S. & Tsutsui, M. (2008). A Dictionary of Advanced Japanese Grammar. Japan Times.
- Martin, S. E. (1975). A Reference Grammar of Japanese. Yale University Press.
- Martin, S. E. (2006). A Reference Grammar of Korean. Tuttle.
- Maynard, S. K. (1997). Japanese Communication: Language and Thought in Context. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
- Miyagawa, S. (1989). Structure and Case Marking in Japanese. Academic Press.
- Shibatani, M. (1990). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge University Press.
- Tsujimura, N. (2014). An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Wetzel, P. J. (2004). Keigo in Modern Japan. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
- Yeon, J. & Brown, L. (2019). Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Plusieurs familles / typologie générale 1
- Comrie, B. (ed.) (2009). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Articles de revues, thèses et chapitres d’ouvrages collectifs 119
- Aboh, E. O. (2010). "The Morphosyntax of the Noun Phrase." In Aboh & Essegbey (eds.), Topics in Kwa Syntax. Springer.
- Adesola, O. & Safir, K. (2005). "Referential dependencies in Yoruba." Manuscript.
- Akinwande, D. (2025). "Focus in Ohori Yoruba."
- Alok, D. (2020). Speaker and addressee in natural language: Honorificity, indexicality and their interaction in Magahi. PhD diss., Rutgers.
- Alok, D. (2021). "The morphosyntax of Magahi addressee agreement." Syntax 24(3): 263–296.
- Alok, D. & Baker, M. (2022). "Person and Honorification: Features and Interactions in Magahi." Glossa.
- Amritavalli, R. & Jayaseelan, K. A. (2005). "Finiteness and Negation in Dravidian." In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Syntax. Oxford University Press.
- AnderBois, S. (2012). "Focus and Uninformativity in Yucatec Maya Questions." Natural Language Semantics 20(4): 349–390.
- Archangeli, D. & Pulleyblank, D. (2018). "Emergent phonology illustrated: Malagasy alternations." McGill WPL 25(1).
- Arka, I. W. (2003). Balinese Morphosyntax: A Lexical-Functional Approach. Pacific Linguistics.
- Arka, I. W. & Manning, C. D. (2008). "Voice and grammatical relations in Indonesian."
- Arka, I. W. & Ross, M. (eds.) (2005). The Many Faces of Austronesian Voice Systems. Pacific Linguistics.
- Baart, J. L. G. (2003). "Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan." SIL EWP 2003-001 / NIPS.
- Baart, J. L. G. (2004). "Gojri." In Baart & Faizi (eds.), Pakistani Languages and Society. NIPS / SIL.
- Babarinde, O. & Ahamefula, N. (2013). "Tonal Sandhi in the Yoruba Language." Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 3(12): 133–136.
- Bahri, U. (1994). Seraiki-English Dictionary. SOAS.
- Balogun, B. (2021). Examining Evidence for Passive in Yoruba. MA diss., University of Cape Town.
- Bisang, W. & Sonaiya, R. (1999/2000). "Information structuring in Yoruba." Linguistics 38.1.
- Bohnemeyer, J. (1998). "Temporal Reference without Tense?" In Semantics of Tense, Aspect and Modality. Rodopi.
- Bruening, B. & Tran, T. H. (2015). "Vietnamese bị and được are not passives." Lingua 165: 133–172.
- Butt, M. & King, T. H. (2004). "The Status of Case." In Dayal & Mahajan (eds.), Clause Structure in South Asian Languages. Kluwer.
- Chappell, H. (2001). "Synchrony and diachrony of Sinitic languages." In Sinitic Grammar: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. Oxford University Press.
- Chappell, H. & Lan, L. (2016). "Mandarin and Other Sinitic Languages." In The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language.
- Chappell, H. & Peyraube, A. (2016). "A Typological Study of Negation in Sinitic Languages." In New Horizons in the Study of Chinese. CUHK.
- Chen, M. Y. (2004). "The Paradox of Hakka Tone Sandhi." ROA-658.
- Cheng, L. & Sybesma, R. (1999). "Bare and not-so-bare nouns and the structure of NP." Linguistic Inquiry 30(4): 509–542.
- Cheng, R. L. (1985). "A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin." Language 61(2): 352–377.
- Chung, S. (1976). "An object-creating rule in Bahasa Indonesia." Linguistic Inquiry 7(1): 41–87.
- Cole, P. & Hermon, G. (1998). "The typology of wh-movement: Wh-questions in Malay." Syntax 1(3): 221–258.
- Coon, J. & Preminger, O. "Agreement, case and ergativity splits in Punjabi, compared to Kurdish."
- Davison, A. (1999). "Ergativity: Functional and Formal Issues." In Darnell et al. (eds.), Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics, vol. 1. John Benjamins.
- De Guzman, V. P. (1978). "Syntactic Derivation of Tagalog Verbs." Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication.
- Denistia, K. & Baayen, R. H. (2021). "The morphology of Indonesian: Data and quantitative modeling."
- Douglas, C. (1873). Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy. Trübner.
- Dzidz Yam, E. & Pfeiler, B. B. (2024). "The evidential BIN in the children's environment of engagement." Journal of Child Language.
- Egerod, S. (1967). "Dialectology." In Sebeok (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 2. Mouton.
- Emeneau, M. B. (1956). "India as a Linguistic Area." Language 32(1): 3–16.
- Fang, H. (2022). "Sentence-final particles in Mandarin." Studia Linguistica 76(3).
- Farooq, M. "Pashto Language: Solving the Mysteries of the Past Tense." (Online MS).
- Frohnmeyer, L. J. A Progressive Grammar of the Malayalam Language for Europeans. (Internet Archive).
- Gil, D. (2002). "The prefixes di- and N- in Malay/Indonesian dialects." In Wouk & Ross (eds.). Pacific Linguistics.
- Gragg, G. (1982). Oromo Dictionary. Michigan State University.
- Grange, P. (2013). "Aspect in Indonesian: free markers vs bound markers." Faits de Langues 41.
- Gutiérrez-Bravo, R. (2015). "A syntactic description of Yucatec Maya." Ch. 2 of Las Cláusulas Relativas en Maya Yucateco. El Colegio de México.
- Gutiérrez-Bravo, R. & Monforte, J. (2010). "On the nature of word order in Yucatec Maya."
- Hallam, E. C. B. (1874). Oriya Grammar for English Students. (Internet Archive).
- Hallman, P. (2015). "Verb Morphology in Levantine Arabic." In Ferrando & Sánchez (eds.), Arabic Dialectology. Brill.
- Haudricourt, A.-G. (1971). "New evidence for a tonogenetic theory." In Harris & Noss (eds.), Tai Phonetics and Phonology. CIEL.
- Hayward, K. & Hayward, R. J. (1999). "Amharic." JIPA 29(1): 45–50.
- Her, O.-S. (2012). "Structure of classifiers and measure words." Language and Linguistics 13(6): 1045–1085.
- Hole, D. & Löbel, E. (eds.) (2013). Linguistics of Vietnamese: An International Survey. de Gruyter Mouton.
- Howe, P. (2014). "Variation in Fricative Production in Malagasy Dialects." U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 20(2).
- Howe, P. Central Malagasy. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (IPA Illustration).
- Hsieh, F. & Huang, S. (2013). "Interpersonal evidentiality: The Mandarin V-过 guo construction." Lingua.
- Humayoun, M. (2006). "Urdu Morphology, Orthography and Lexicon Extraction." MSc thesis, Chalmers.
- Janda, L. A. (2007). "Aspectual Clusters of Russian Verbs." Studies in Language 31(3): 607–648.
- Jayaseelan, K. A. (2004). "Question Words in Focus Positions." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 4: 69–99.
- Jong, S. P. W. & Cheung, L. Y. L. (2022). "Syntactic Analysis of -kah in Malay Polar Questions." PACLIC 36.
- Keenan, E. L. & Manorohanta, C. (2001). "A Quantitative Study of Voice in Malagasy."
- Kelley, G. (1963). "Telugu." In Current Trends in Linguistics 5: 251–267.
- Kittel, F. (1903). A Grammar of the Kannada Language in English. (Internet Archive).
- Kramer, R. (2009). Definite Markers, Phi-Features, and Agreement: A Morphosyntactic Investigation of the Amharic DP. PhD diss., UC Santa Cruz.
- Kramer, R. (2015). The Morphosyntax of Gender. Oxford University Press.
- Kramer, R. & Eilam, A. "Verb-Medial Word Orders in Amharic." Manuscript, Georgetown.
- Kügler, F. & Skopeteas, S. (2006). "Encoding Information Structure in Yucatec Maya." Working Papers of the SFB 632, Potsdam.
- Lau, C. (2001). A Grammar and Lexicon of Hakka: Historical Materials from the Basel Mission Library. HAL/INALCO.
- Law, D. (2014). Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference. John Benjamins.
- Lee, W.-S. & Zee, E. (2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)." JIPA 33(1): 109–112.
- Lee, W.-S. & Zee, E. (2009). "Hakka Chinese." JIPA 39(1): 107–111.
- Lehmann, C. (2002). "Grammaticalization of Tense/Aspect/Mood Marking in Yucatec Maya." In Insights into Mayan Grammar. LINCOM.
- Lehmann, C. (2005). "Yucatec Maya Relative Constructions." Typological Studies in Language 68.
- Li, P. J.-K. (2003). "Min Nan." In Thurgood & LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge.
- Lien, C. (2015). "Min Languages." In Sybesma (ed.), Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics. Brill.
- Lin, J.-W. (2006). "Time in a language without tense: The case of Chinese." Journal of Semantics 23(1): 1–53.
- Liu, F.-h. (2007). "Ditransitive constructions in Mandarin Chinese." MPI-EVA Leipzig.
- Liu, W. "On Disambiguating baa sentences in Heyuan Hakka." LNEP.
- Lothers, M. & Lothers, L. (2010). "Saraiki: A Sociolinguistic Survey." SIL.
- Ma, Z. (2011). "Hierarchy of Chinese evidentiality." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 4: 29–52.
- MacKenzie, D. N. (1959). "A Standard Pashto." BSOAS 22.
- Mahajan, A. (1990). "The A/A-bar Distinction and Movement Theory." PhD diss., MIT.
- Mohanan, K. P. (1982). "Grammatical Relations and Clause Structure in Malayalam." In Bresnan (ed.), The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations. MIT Press.
- Mohanty, P. (2007). "British Language Policy in 19th Century India and the Oriya Language Movement." Language Policy 6(1): 69–87.
- Myers, E. C. (2015). Sentence Final Particles in Shanghainese. MA thesis, Purdue.
- Orie, O. O. & Pulleyblank, D. (1998/2002). "Yoruba Vowel Elision: Minimality Effects." ROA-290 / NLLT 20: 101–156.
- Paudyal, N. P. A Grammar of Bhojpuri. PhD diss., Tribhuvan University.
- Paul, I. (2002). "Une anaphore nue en malgache." Revue québécoise de linguistique 31(2): 89–108.
- Pearson, M. (2005a). "The Malagasy Subject/Topic as an A'-Element." NLLT 23: 381–457.
- Pearson, M. (2005b). "Voice Morphology, Case, and Argument Structure in Malagasy." AFLA 11.
- Prasithrathsint, A. (1985/2001/2004). Studies on the Thai passive (cited in Iwasaki & Ingkaphirom 2005).
- Roberts, T. (2000). "Split-agreement and ergativity in Pashto." Kurdica 5(3).
- Saeed, J. I. (1993). "Focus, topic and discourse coherence in Somali." JALL 14(2): 191–212.
- Sagart, L. (1993). "Chinese Dialects and Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction." BSOAS 56(2).
- Sahoo, K. (2003). "Oriya Noun Phrase." PhD diss., USC.
- Salameh, F. & Aoun, C. (2019). "Aspects of Lebanese Arabic Grammar." Journal of Arabic Linguistics.
- Sande, H. (2014). "Amharic infixing reduplication targets heavy syllables." UC Berkeley Phonology Lab.
- Schack, K. (2000). "Comparison of intonation patterns in Mandarin and English." Univ. of Rochester WPLS S2000(1): 24–50.
- Shevelov, G. Y. (1979). A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language. Carl Winter.
- Shevelov, G. Y. (1993). "The Ukrainian Language." In Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
- Shi, D. (2000). "Topic and topic-comment constructions in Mandarin Chinese." Language 76(2): 383–408.
- Simmons, R. V. S. (1999). "Chinese dialect classification." Orbis Supplementa 13.
- Singhapreecha, P. (2001). "Thai Classifiers and Complex Nominals." PACLIC 15.
- Sinha, A. C. (1966). Phonology and morphology of a Magahi dialect. PhD diss., Patna University.
- Sinha, S. (2019). The Prosody of Stress and Rhythm in Magahi. PhD diss., IIT Patna.
- Soltan, U. "The Fine Structure of the Neg-Domain: Cairene Egyptian Arabic Sentential Negation."
- Song, K.-A. (2010). "Various Evidentials in Korean." PACLIC 24.
- Straughn, C. (2011). The Uzbek Tense/Aspect/Modality System. Indiana University CEERES.
- Sutton, A. (1831). Introductory Grammar of the Oriya Language. (Internet Archive).
- Sylak-Glassman, J. (2014). Deriving Natural Classes: The Phonology and Typology of Post-Velar Consonants. PhD diss., UC Berkeley.
- Tadmor, U. (2009). "Malay-Indonesian." In Comrie (ed.), 791–818.
- Ton, J. (1984). Towards a Grammar of Macha Oromo. MA thesis, University of Nairobi.
- Tonhauser, J. (2015). "Cross-linguistic temporal reference." Annual Review of Linguistics 1: 129–154.
- Tunga, S. S. (1995). Bengali and other related dialects of South Assam. Mittal.
- Vemuri, V. (2005). An Introduction to Telugu Grammar. UC Davis web textbook.
- Wu, Q. (2005). 长沙话音档 (Phonological Archive of Changsha Speech). Shànghǎi Jiàoyù.
- Yue, A. O. (2003). "Chinese Dialects: Grammar." In Thurgood & LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge.
- Zaliznyak, A. A. & Shmelev, A. D. (2000). Vvedenie v russkuyu aspektologiyu. Yazyki russkoy kul'tury.
- Zheng, Q. "Multifunction Word Lau in Early Hakka." Atlantis Press.
- Zhu, X. (2006). A Grammar of Shanghai Wu. LINCOM.
- Zribi-Hertz, A. & Mbolatianavalona, L. (1999). "Towards a Modular Theory of Linguistic Deficiency: Evidence from Malagasy Personal Pronouns." NLLT 17: 161–218.