Citações e fontes de dados

Glottolog

Obra de referência sobre as línguas do mundo, mantida pelo Instituto Max Planck de Antropologia Evolutiva. Usamos o Agglomerated Endangerment Status (AES) para classificar a vitalidade de cada língua.

Dados utilizados

Níveis de ameaça do AES (não ameaçada, ameaçada, em substituição, moribunda, quase extinta, extinta)

Onde aparece

Tabela comparativa → seção Status (Vitalidade, Tendência)

Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Bank, Sebastian. 2024. Glottolog 5.1. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

URIEL+

Acadêmica (citar o artigo) GitHub

Banco de dados tipológico, fonológico e filogenético que abrange milhares de línguas. Amplia o banco de dados URIEL original com traços adicionais.

Dados utilizados

Traços sintáticos (ordem das palavras, sujeito nulo, artigos, posição do adjetivo e do numeral)
Traços fonológicos (tom, cliques, ejetivas, implosivas, uvulares)
Traços morfológicos (gênero, casos nominais, distinções de polidez)
Vetores genéticos e tipológicos para calcular a semelhança entre línguas

Onde aparece

Tabela comparativa → seção Tipologia (URIEL+)
Índices de semelhança entre línguas (cálculo interno)

Littell, Patrick, et al. "URIEL and lang2vec: Representing languages as typological, phylogenetic, and geographical vectors." Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017.

PHOIBLE 2.0

CC BY 4.0 phoible.org

Banco de dados interlinguístico de inventários fonológicos das línguas do mundo. O PHOIBLE 2.0 reúne 3.020 inventários de 2.186 línguas, compilados a partir de gramáticas descritivas, bancos de dados tipológicos e pesquisas de campo.

Dados utilizados

Caráter tonal, ou seja, se a língua usa tom com função lexical ou gramatical
Consoantes cliques, ou seja, se o inventário tem fonemas de clique (ǀ ǁ ǃ ǂ ʘ)
Cobre cerca de 1.205 línguas do nosso catálogo (associadas primeiro pelo ISO 639-3 e depois pelo Glottocode)

Onde aparece

Tabela comparativa → seção Tipologia (tom, cliques)
Descubra um idioma → filtros de fonologia (tom, consoantes cliques)

Moran, Steven & McCloy, Daniel (eds.) 2019. PHOIBLE 2.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Disponível on-line em phoible.org.

Grambank

CC BY 4.0 grambank.clld.org

Banco de dados global de propriedades estruturais (gramaticais) das línguas do mundo, compilado por uma equipe de mais de 100 linguistas. O Grambank abrange 2.467 línguas e 195 traços extraídos de gramáticas publicadas.

Dados utilizados

Traços sintáticos (ordem das palavras, posição do adjetivo e do numeral, artigos, sujeito nulo)
Traços morfológicos (casos nominais, gênero, número dual, clusividade, polidez)
Fornece dados gramaticais de cerca de 476 línguas que o URIEL+ não cobre

Onde aparece

Tabela comparativa → seção Tipologia (URIEL+)
Descubra um idioma → filtros de gramática (ordem das palavras, gênero, casos etc.)

Skirgård, Hedvig et al. 2023. Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and is itself well-explained by geography. Science Advances 9(eadg6175). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg6175

Glottography / Asher 2007 World Atlas

CC-BY 4.0 GitHub

Polígonos digitalizados das áreas onde vivem os falantes nativos, tirados do Atlas of the World's Languages (2ª edição, Routledge 2007). O mapa mostra onde as línguas são tradicionalmente faladas e não segue fronteiras políticas.

Dados utilizados

Geometrias dos polígonos de distribuição de falantes nativos (cerca de 4.686 feições para cerca de 3.612 línguas)
Área geográfica (km²) de cada língua, calculada a partir das geometrias com a fórmula da integral de linha na esfera e somada em todas as feições da língua
Grau de ameaça (AES) e países onde a língua está presente, extraídos dos metadados de cada feição

Onde aparece

Aba Descobrir → camada do mapa
Dados de área (km²) em geojson-metadata.json, disponíveis para perfis de línguas e estatísticas
Filtros de vitalidade (AES) e de região geográfica

Asher, R.E. & Moseley, Christopher (eds.). 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages. 2nd edn. London: Routledge. Digitalizado por Glottography / CLDF.

etymology-db (Wiktionary)

CC-BY-SA 3.0 GitHub

Dados etimológicos estruturados extraídos do Wiktionary, que registram as relações de empréstimo lexical entre línguas. Servem para identificar vocabulário compartilhado em razão do contato histórico e de empréstimos.

Dados utilizados

Percentuais e contagens de empréstimos lexicais entre pares de línguas

Onde aparece

Cálculo de semelhança entre línguas (componente de bônus por empréstimos)

Natural Earth

Domínio público naturalearthdata.com

Dados cartográficos vetoriais e raster gratuitos nas escalas 1:10m, 1:50m e 1:110m. Fornece os polígonos de fronteiras nacionais usados no globo e nos mapas.

Dados utilizados

Polígonos de fronteiras nacionais (resolução 110m e 50m, TopoJSON)

Onde aparece

Globo e mapa → fronteiras nacionais e camada de base

Unicode CLDR

Licença Unicode (permite uso comercial) cldr.unicode.org

O Unicode Common Locale Data Repository associa cada língua à sua escrita e descreve as propriedades de cada sistema de escrita. A escrita de cada língua é atribuída com base nos dados do CLDR e na análise dos blocos Unicode.

Dados utilizados

Escrita de cada língua (latina, cirílica, árabe, devanágari etc.)
Direção da escrita, distinção entre maiúsculas e minúsculas e número de caracteres

Onde aparece

Tabela comparativa → seção Sistema de escrita

Omniglot

Enciclopédia on-line de sistemas de escrita e línguas, mantida por Simon Ager. O Omniglot documenta as escritas, as ortografias e a história escrita das línguas do mundo, com artigos detalhados por língua sobre centenas de sistemas de escrita.

Dados utilizados

Identificação da escrita de cerca de 250 línguas minoritárias e regionais que o Unicode CLDR não cobre
Verificação da escrita principal e das secundárias em línguas que usam mais de uma
Informações sobre ortografias históricas e atuais (por exemplo, etíope versus latina para línguas da Etiópia, ou shahmukhi para o pahari-potwari)

Onde aparece

Tabela comparativa → seção Sistema de escrita (escritas de línguas minoritárias)

Ager, Simon. Omniglot — The Online Encyclopedia of Writing Systems & Languages. Disponível em omniglot.com. Conferido com os artigos da Wikipédia sobre cada língua e com o ScriptSource, da SIL International (scriptsource.org).

Wikidata

CC0 (domínio público) wikidata.org

Base de conhecimento livre com dados estruturados sobre línguas, incluindo seu status oficial em países e organizações internacionais. Consultamos via SPARQL o número de falantes (P1098) de cerca de 1.878 línguas.

Dados utilizados

Status de língua oficial (ONU, UE, organizações internacionais)
Número de falantes (P1098) com o ano da estimativa

Onde aparece

Tabela comparativa → seção Status (Status oficial)
Descubra um idioma → dicas de Todas as línguas (número de falantes)

Wikipedia

CC-BY-SA 4.0 en.wikipedia.org

Número de falantes extraído das caixas de informação dos artigos sobre línguas, para cerca de 2.500 línguas sem dados estruturados de falantes no Wikidata. Essas caixas da Wikipédia costumam citar censos e o Ethnologue.

Dados utilizados

Número de falantes segundo as caixas de informação dos artigos sobre línguas

Onde aparece

Descubra um idioma → dicas de Todas as línguas (número de falantes)

EF English Proficiency Index

Ranking anual de países e regiões pelo nível de inglês, baseado em resultados de testes de milhões de adultos no mundo todo. Usado para estimar o domínio do inglês em países sem dados de pesquisa.

Dados utilizados

Nível de inglês por país

Onde aparece

Cálculo do alcance linguístico (estimativas de bilinguismo por país)

EF Education First. (2024). EF English Proficiency Index. Signum International AG.

Eurobarometer 540

CC BY 4.0 europa.eu

Pesquisa feita em toda a UE sobre conhecimento de línguas e atitudes linguísticas, com taxas de domínio de todas as línguas oficiais da UE em cada Estado-membro.

Dados utilizados

Taxas de domínio de línguas nos Estados-membros da UE

Onde aparece

Cálculo do alcance linguístico (dados de bilinguismo na Europa)

European Commission. (2024). Special Eurobarometer 540: Europeans and their Languages. Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture.

Ethnologue

Proprietária (SIL International) ethnologue.com

Obra de referência que cataloga todas as línguas vivas conhecidas, com estimativas do número de falantes e dados de distribuição de cada língua por país.

Dados utilizados

Falantes totais, nativos e de segunda língua
Distribuição de cada língua por país

Onde aparece

Cálculo do alcance linguístico, estatísticas de falantes

Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2024. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-seventh edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.

British Council

Pesquisas e publicações sobre o aprendizado e o domínio do inglês no mundo, com estimativas para países que outras pesquisas não cobrem.

Dados utilizados

Estimativas de domínio do inglês em países fora da Europa

Onde aparece

Cálculo do alcance linguístico

British Council. Research and Insight: Languages. British Council.

Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)

Relatório sobre a situação da língua francesa no mundo, com número de falantes, níveis de domínio e distribuição por país.

Dados utilizados

Número de falantes de francês e dados de domínio por país

Onde aparece

Cálculo do alcance linguístico

Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. (2022). La langue française dans le monde: 2019–2022. Paris: Gallimard.

WALS Online (World Atlas of Language Structures)

CC BY 4.0 wals.info

Grande banco de dados de propriedades estruturais (fonológicas, gramaticais e lexicais) das línguas, reunidas a partir de materiais descritivos por uma equipe de mais de 55 autores.

Dados utilizados

Traços tipológicos para classificar línguas

Onde aparece

Cálculo do alcance linguístico

Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). 2013. WALS Online (v2020.4). Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13950591.

Literatura linguística (inteligibilidade mútua)

Acadêmica / Wikipedia CC-BY-SA 4.0 Wikipedia

Dados de inteligibilidade mútua reunidos a partir da literatura de linguística comparada, dos artigos da Wikipédia sobre famílias linguísticas e de estudos empíricos publicados. Abrangem as relações de inteligibilidade de cerca de 186 línguas das famílias românica, germânica, eslava, túrquica, indo-ariana, árabe, dravídica, austronésia, céltica, banta e cuchítica.

Dados utilizados

Grau de inteligibilidade (very_high / high / moderate / low) entre pares de línguas aparentadas
As relações assimétricas são mantidas. Por exemplo, falantes de português entendem o espanhol melhor do que o contrário.

Onde aparece

Tabela comparativa → linha Mutuamente inteligível

Gooskens, Charlotte. (2007). The contribution of linguistic factors to the intelligibility of closely related languages. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28(6), 445–467.
Tang, C., & Van Heuven, V.J. (2009). Mutual intelligibility of Chinese dialects experimentally tested. Lingua 119(5), 709–732.
Wikipedia contributors. Mutual intelligibility. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. CC-BY-SA 4.0.

UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Inventário das línguas ameaçadas do mundo, com uma classificação do grau de ameaça que vai de vulnerável a extinta.

Dados utilizados

Classificação do grau de ameaça das línguas

Onde aparece

Cálculo do alcance linguístico

Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. 3rd edition. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2.

Gramáticas de referência (fontes acadêmicas por língua)

Obras acadêmicas diversas

Os percursos gramaticais, os construtores de mecanismos e as páginas de visão geral de cada língua no mossyrune descrevem sua estrutura gramatical. Essas descrições se baseiam nas gramáticas descritivas e de referência publicadas listadas abaixo (511 obras no total). Fatos gramaticais, como a ordem das palavras, a estrutura dos paradigmas ou o uso de partículas, não estão sujeitos a direitos autorais, mas os pesquisadores que os documentaram merecem o devido crédito.

As listas de fontes de cada língua também aparecem no início de cada arquivo de gramática em src/lib/data/grammar/ e de cada arquivo de mecanismos em src/lib/data/mechanisms/, junto com as notas de pesquisa em docs/references/.

Indo-europeia — Românica 34

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Bosque, I. & Demonte, V. (eds.) (1999). Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española. 3 vols. Espasa Calpe.
Butt, J. & Benjamin, C. (2011). A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (5th ed.). Hodder Education.
Cojocaru, D. (2003). Romanian Grammar. SEELRC, Duke University.
Cunha, C. & Cintra, L. (2017). Nova Gramática do Português Contemporâneo (7th ed.). Lexikon.
Dobrovie-Sorin, C. & Giurgea, I. (2006). The Syntax of Romanian. Oxford University Press.
Grevisse, M. & Goosse, A. (2008/2016). Le Bon Usage (14th/16th ed.). De Boeck.
Hawkins, R. & Towell, R. (2015). French Grammar and Usage (4th ed.). Routledge.
Hualde, J. I. (2005). The Sounds of Spanish. Cambridge University Press.
Hualde, J. I., Olarrea, A., Escobar, A. M. & Travis, C. E. (2010). Introducción a la lingüística hispánica (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Hutchinson, A. P. & Lloyd, J. (2003). Portuguese: An Essential Grammar. Routledge.
King, L. D. & Suñer, M. (2004). Gramática española: Análisis y práctica (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Lepschy, A. L. & Lepschy, G. (1988). The Italian Language Today (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Lipski, J. M. (2012). El español de América (6th ed.). Cátedra.
Maiden, M. & Robustelli, C. (2007). A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Mallinson, G. (1986). Romanian. Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars.
Mateus, M. H. M. et al. (2003). Gramática da Língua Portuguesa (7th ed.). Caminho.
Pană Dindelegan, G. (2013). The Grammar of Romanian. Oxford University Press.
Perini, M. A. (2002). Modern Portuguese: A Reference Grammar. Yale University Press.
Price, G. A Comprehensive French Grammar (6th ed.). Blackwell.
Proudfoot, A. & Cardo, F. (2005). Modern Italian Grammar: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). Routledge.
RAE & ASALE (2009). Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Espasa.
RAE & ASALE (2010). Nueva gramática de la lengua española: Manual. Espasa.
Raposo, E. B. P. et al. (eds.) (2013). Gramática do Português. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
Renzi, L., Salvi, G. & Cardinaletti, A. (eds.) (1988–95). Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione. 3 vols. Il Mulino.
Riegel, M., Pellat, J.-C. & Rioul, R. (2011/2018). Grammaire méthodique du français (4th/7th ed.). PUF.
Rohlfs, G. (1966–69). Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti. 3 vols. Einaudi.
Serianni, L. (1989). Grammatica italiana: Italiano comune e lingua letteraria. UTET.
Teyssier, P. (1982). História da Língua Portuguesa. Sá da Costa.
Thomas, E. W. (1969/2000). The Syntax of Spoken Brazilian Portuguese. Vanderbilt University Press.
Whitley, M. S. & González, L. (2016). Gramática para la composición (3rd ed.). Georgetown University Press.
Whitlam, J. (2017). Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Zagona, K. (2002). The Syntax of Spanish. Cambridge University Press.

Indo-europeia — Germânica 27

Aarts, B. (2011). Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press.
Aarts, B., Bowie, J. & Popova, G. (eds.) (2019). The Oxford Handbook of English Grammar. Oxford University Press.
Baugh, A. C. & Cable, T. (2012). A History of the English Language (6th ed.). Routledge.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman.
Booij, G. (2002/2019). The Morphology of Dutch (1st/2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Carter, R. & McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide. Cambridge University Press.
Donaldson, B. (1997/2008). Dutch: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
Duden (2016). Die Grammatik (9th ed.). Dudenverlag.
Durrell, M. (2011). Using German: A Guide to Contemporary Usage (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Eisenberg, P. (2013). Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik (4th ed.). 2 vols. Metzler.
Fox, A. (2005). The Structure of German (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Greenbaum, S. (1996). The Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press.
Haeseryn, W., Romijn, K., Geerts, G., de Rooij, J. & van den Toorn, M. C. (1997). Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst (ANS) (2nd ed.). Martinus Nijhoff / Wolters Noordhoff.
Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). Routledge.
Hammer, A. E. & Durrell, M. (2017). Hammer's German Grammar and Usage (7th ed.). Routledge.
Helbig, G. & Buscha, J. Deutsche Grammatik: Ein Handbuch für den Ausländerunterricht. Klett/Langenscheidt.
Hentschel, E. & Weydt, H. (2013). Handbuch der deutschen Grammatik (4th ed.). de Gruyter.
Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press.
Huddleston, R., Pullum, G. K. & Reynolds, B. (2022). A Student's Introduction to English Grammar (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jespersen, O. (1909–49). A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. 7 vols. Allen & Unwin / Munksgaard.
Parrott, M. (2010). Grammar for English Language Teachers (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English. Longman.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman.
Shetter, W. Z. & Ham, E. (2007). Dutch: An Essential Grammar (9th ed.). Routledge.
Swan, M. (2016). Practical English Usage (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Zifonun, G., Hoffmann, L. & Strecker, B. (1997). Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. 3 vols. de Gruyter.
Zwart, J.-W. (2011). The Syntax of Dutch. Cambridge University Press.

Indo-europeia — Eslava 15

Bailyn, J. F. (2012). The Syntax of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
Forsyth, J. (1970). A Grammar of Aspect: Usage and Meaning in the Russian Verb. Cambridge University Press.
Humesky, A. (1980). Modern Ukrainian. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.
Janda, L. A. & Clancy, S. J. (2002). The Case Book for Russian. Slavica.
Levine, J. (2009). Russian Grammar. McGraw-Hill.
Offord, D. & Gogolitsyna, N. (2005). Using Russian: A Guide to Contemporary Usage (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Press, I. & Pugh, S. (1999). Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
Pugh, S. & Press, I. (1994/2005). Colloquial Ukrainian. Routledge.
Pulkina, I. M. & Zakhava-Nekrasova, E. B. (1992). Russian: A Practical Grammar with Exercises. Russky Yazyk.
Sadowska, I. (2012). Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge.
Shvedova, N. Yu. (ed.) (1980). Russkaya grammatika. 2 vols. Nauka.
Swan, O. E. (2002). A Grammar of Contemporary Polish. Slavica.
Timberlake, A. (2004). A Reference Grammar of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
Wade, T. (2011). A Comprehensive Russian Grammar (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
Zaliznyak, A. A. (1977/2003). Grammaticheskiy slovar' russkogo yazyka. Russkiye Slovari.

Indo-europeia — Indo-ariana 60

Bashir, E. & Conners, T. J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Mouton de Gruyter.
Bhatia, T. K. (1993). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar. Routledge.
Bonazzi, E. (2008). Bangla Language Handbook. LINCOM Europa.
Butt, M. (1995). The Structure of Complex Predicates in Urdu. CSLI Publications.
Cardona, G. & Jain, D. (eds.) (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge.
Cardona, G. & Suthar, B. (2003). "Gujarati." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 659–697. Routledge.
Chatterji, S. K. (1926). The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. 2 vols. Calcutta University.
Dasgupta, P. (2003). "Bangla." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 351–390. Routledge.
Delacy, R. & Joshi, S. (2018). Elementary Hindi. Tuttle.
Dhongde, R. V. & Wali, K. (2009). Marathi. LOALL 13. John Benjamins.
Gill, H. S. & Gleason, H. A. (1969). A Reference Grammar of Punjabi. Panjab University.
Grierson, G. A. (1883–87). Seven Grammars of the Dialects and Subdialects of the Bihari Languages. Bharatiya.
Grierson, G. A. (1903–28). Linguistic Survey of India. (esp. Vols. V/VI/IX). Calcutta.
Hook, P. E. (1974). The Compound Verb in Hindi. University of Michigan.
Jha, S. (1958). The Formation of the Maithili Language. Luzac.
Kachru, Y. (2006). Hindi. LOALL 12. John Benjamins.
Kavyopadhyaya, H. L. et al. (1921). A Grammar of the Chhattisgarhi Dialect of Eastern Hindi. Baptist Mission Press.
Kellogg, S. H. (1893). A Grammar of the Hindi Language (3rd ed.). Kegan Paul.
Khubchandani, L. M. (2003). "Sindhi." In Cardona & Jain (eds.). Routledge.
Koul, O. N. (2008). A Reference Grammar of Urdu. Indian Institute of Language Studies.
Lambert, H. M. (1971). Gujarati Language Course. Cambridge University Press.
Lekhwani, K. (1997). An Intensive Course in Sindhi (2nd ed.). CIIL.
Masica, C. P. (1991/1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press.
McGregor, R. S. (1977). Hindi Grammar. Oxford University Press.
McGregor, R. S. (1995). Outline of Hindi Grammar (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Mistry, P. J. (1997). "Gujarati." In Comrie (ed.), The Major Languages of South Asia. Routledge.
Mohanan, T. (1994). Argument Structure in Hindi. CSLI Publications.
Mohapatra, B. P. (2007). A Synchronic Grammar of Oriya. CIIL, Mysore.
Neukom, L. & Patnaik, M. (2003). A Grammar of Oriya. ASAS, Universität Zürich.
Ohala, M. (1983). Aspects of Hindi Grammar. Manohar.
Pandharipande, R. V. (1997). Marathi. Routledge Descriptive Grammars.
Platts, J. T. (1874). A Grammar of the Hindustani or Urdu Language. W. H. Allen.
Prasad, S. (2008 [1966]). Magahī Phonology: A Descriptive Study. Concept.
Radice, W. (2003). Teach Yourself Bengali. Hodder & Stoughton.
Ray, P. S., Hai, M. A. & Ray, L. (1966). Bengali Language Handbook. Center for Applied Linguistics.
Ray, T. S. (2003). "Oriya." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 485–522. Routledge.
Schmidt, R. L. (1999). Urdu: An Essential Grammar. Routledge.
Shackle, C. (1972). Punjabi. Teach Yourself Books.
Shackle, C. (1976). The Siraiki Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar. SOAS.
Shackle, C. (2003). "Panjabi." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 581–621. Routledge.
Shapiro, M. C. (2003). "Hindi." In Cardona & Jain (eds.), 250–285. Routledge.
Sharma, D. D. (1995). Tribal Languages of Himachal Pradesh, Part I. Eastern Book Linkers.
Sharma, D. N. (1981). Chhattisgarhi Bhasha: Ek Adhyayan. Chhattisgarhi Academy.
Shukla, S. (1981). Bhojpuri Grammar. Georgetown University Press.
Singh, U. N. (2007). Maithili Grammar. Lincom Europa.
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Túrquica 15

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Dravídica 10

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Maia 12

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Japonês / coreano 19

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