Vietnamese grammar wheels

The grammatical descriptions on this page are informed by the following published reference and descriptive grammars. Grammatical facts themselves are not subject to copyright; the scholars who documented them deserve attribution.

1. Thompson, Laurence C. (1965). "A Vietnamese Grammar." University of Washington Press. — No inflection, isolating typology: §3.1, pp. 50–53. — SVO and adjective-after-noun order: pp. 197–199, 233–235. — Pronoun/kinship system: §6.16–6.30, pp. 246–256. — Classifiers (loại-từ): §8.41, pp. 192–197. — Aspect/time particles đã, đang, sẽ, chưa: §11.1–11.5, pp. 209–215. — Post-verbal completive/resultative xong, hết, ra, được: §9.54–9.66, pp. 215–225. — Negation với không and chưa: §11.4, pp. 213–215. — Question particle không and in-situ wh-words: §10.2, pp. 239–250. — Possessive của (optional): §6.21, pp. 250–251. — Modals có thể, muốn, phải, nên: pp. 217–220. — Serial verb constructions: §10.4, pp. 250–254. — Topic-comment / focal complex order MANNER→TIME→PLACE→TOPIC→PREDICATE: Ch. 10, pp. 239–255. — Relative clauses with mà: pp. 254–256. — Six Northern tones (ngang, huyền, hỏi, sắc, ngã, nặng): §3.42, pp. 19–22. — Reduplication (từ láy): Ch. 7 in full, pp. 139–178 — total reduplication for attenuation (đẹp đẹp, nhỏ nhỏ, trắng trắng) p. 152; tonal-prefix attenuative pattern (kha khá, nho nhỏ) §7.61 p. 172; alliterative emphatic suffixes (sạch sẽ, sạch nhách, sạch sành sanh) §7.55–7.56 pp. 159–168; ironic -iếc suffix (sách siếc) §7.62 p. 173.
2. Nguyễn, Đình-Hòa (1997). "Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn." John Benjamins. — Kinship pronoun system: pp. 123–131. — Classifier loại-từ syntax: p. 95. — Negation chưa: p. 108. — Existential/possessive có (six functions): pp. 113–114. — Comparison constructions: pp. 122–123. — Final pragmatic particles: pp. 165–168. — Topic-comment, fronting, focus: pp. 209–228. — Negation system: pp. 233–235. — Reduplication (§3.7, pp. 44–57) — total reduplication for distribution (nhà nhà, ngày ngày) p. 45; tone-register harmony rule p. 46; back/front vowel alternation in alliteratives p. 47; /l-/ dominance in rhyming forms p. 49; emphatic alliterative suffixes (nhỏ nhắn, nhỏ nhặt, nhỏ nhẹ, nhỏ nhen) p. 51; ironic -iếc suffix (sách siếc, áo iếc, học hiếc) §3.7.6, p. 53.
3. Ngo, Binh Nhu (2020). "Vietnamese: An Essential Grammar." Routledge. — Pre-verbal aspect markers and ordering: §4.3. — bị/được as evaluative predicates: §2.12. — Question formation (yes/no with không, hả, à and wh-in-situ): §6.2. — Reduplication (§4.2.3, pp. 130–137) — total reduplication for attenuation (đẹp đẹp, nhỏ nhỏ, trắng trắng) p. 130; tone-changed attenuative copies (âm ấm, kha khá, nho nhỏ) p. 131; coda-changed attenuatives with stop↔nasal alternation (đềm đẹp, tôn tốt, chằng chắc) p. 131; productive ironic -iếc suffix §4.2.3.6, p. 135; semantically opaque pseudo-redups (bâng khuâng, dửng dưng, mênh mông) p. 135.
4. Phan, Trang (2024). "The Syntax of Vietnamese Tense, Aspect, and Negation." Routledge. — TAM hierarchy and pre-verbal marker ordering: Ch. 2. — Post-verbal markers as completive/resultative: Ch. 4, pp. 91–95. — Tense vs. adverb distinction (sẽ/đã/đang are heads; từng/vừa/sắp are adverbs): Ch. 5, p. 155.
5. Hole, Daniel & Löbel, Elisabeth (eds.) (2013). "Linguistics of Vietnamese: An International Survey." De Gruyter Mouton (TiLSM 253). — Article system (một, những, các): Ch. 3 (Nguyễn Hùng Tưởng). — Focus particles chỉ, thậm chí, cả: Ch. 10 (Hole). — Passive reanalysis (bị/được as evaluative): Ch. 6 (Simpson & Hồ).
6. Tran, Tri C. (2024). "Essential Vietnamese Grammar." Tuttle. — Adjective + meaningless intensifier syllable (nặng trịch, nhẹ hều, đắng nghét, ốm nhách): §7.3, p. 118.

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